Essay --

Question 1 Answer each of the following questions in MSWorda)Why is email an important toll in ultramodern communications?Emails are important because its very fast, no need wait for answers, its in no time. It is good choice because its online. You foot send text messages, attached file, even you can communicate face to face thats using microphone and web camera. You can use emails in every place that have WiFi.b)What components make up an email message?Email components are recipient adjoinress, CC (carbon Copy), subject, editing tools, text editor, and attachment. CC bureau if you put another people email address in this line they will get email copy as well. Attachment you can add and send files like pictures, sound files, signatures etc.c)What email account should people consider using?There are a lot of email providers. I will show 10 most popular.Google GMAILMicrosoft HotmailYahooOutlookGMXMail.comAOLInbox.comZohoLycos mailThese emails providers are free and provide much m ore than just send and cope with messages.d)What is good email etiquet...

Essays --

OPlaisime After human race War II there was a strong anti-communist movement in the States for decades prior to the 1950s. Nuclear weapons also sent a shot of distrust and fear between America and Russia. Information about nuclear weapons was very special to the public. There are some facts, details, and reasons on why did this war happen, effects of the Cold War, and how society reacted to the War. It began in the 1945-1948 timeframe and ended in 1989, having been a dispute everywhere the division of Europe. By another account, the Cold War began in 1917 with the Bolshevik Revolution, and ended in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union, having been a conflict between collectivism and Democracy. The Cold war got its name because both sides were afraid of fighting each other in such a hot war, nuclear weapons cleverness destroy everything. So, instead they fought each other indirectly. They played havoc with conflicts in different parts of the world. They used word s as weapons. They threatened and denounced each other, or the dickens countries tried to make each other look foolish. There facts and reasons on why the Cold War happened. The Cold War had two sides. Those two sides were capitalism and communism. Capitalism is that business is owned by private people or firms. It was a free economy that allowed any profit he or she makes is reward for hard work. It also allows that any person should be free to start a business and employ people. Communism is another form of economy. Everything is blow over by the state and should be run by the government on behalf of the people. No private person is allowed to profit from the work from other citizens. Communism is a controlled economy. All profits dont go into the pocket of one owner the pr... ...pons. They both had a large supply of ballistic missiles. The NATO and Warsaw compact were formed. This war inevitably led to destructive conflicts like the Vietnam War and Korean War. The Soviet Union had collapsed due to its economic weakness. The Berlin was destroyed and the two German nations were unified. The Baltic States and some former Soviet Republics had gained independence. America became the sole superpower of the world. Communism was no more. Communism collapsed worldwide. The Cold War sketched the foreign policies for both the countries through the mho half of the twentieth century as both countries fought for accomplices to uphold and widen their own realms of power around the world, but it did not escalate to an apocalyptic World War II. The decade- long standoff between American capitalists and Soviet communists ceased without causing any violence.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Veterans Essay -- Post-traumatic st

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (posttraumatic stress disorder), originally associated with combat, has always been just about in some shape or form but it was not until 1980 that it was named Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and became an accredited diagnosis (Rothschild). The fact is PTSD is one of many names for an old problem that war has always had a severe psychological impact on people in present(prenominal) and lasting ways. PTSD has a history that is as long and significant as the worlds war history - thousands of years. Although, the diagnosis has not been about for that long, different names and symptoms of PTSD always realise been. Some physical symptoms include increased blood pressure, excessive heart rate, rapid breathing, muscle tension, nausea, diarrhea, problems with vision, speech, go disorders, convulsive vomiting, cardiac palpitations, twitching or spasms, weakness and severe muscular cramps. The individual may likewise suffer from psychological symptoms, s uch as godforsaken nightmares, flashbacks, melancholy, disturbed sleep or insomnia, loss of appetite, and anxieties when certain things remind them such as the anniversary date of the event (Peterson, 2009).Examples of PTSD can be prove as early as in ancient Greek and Roman history, for example the Greek historian Herodotus mentions an Athenian warrior who went permanently blind when the soldier standing(a) next to him was killed, although the blinded soldier was wounded in no part of his body when he wrote about the battle of Marathon in 490 B.C. He also writes of the Spartan commander Leonidas, who, at the battle of Thermopylae Pass in 480 B.C., dismissed his men from joining the combat because he clearly recognized they were psychologically spent from previous battles.-They had no heart for ... ...to gain economically (combined with veterans pride and distrust) accounts for the fact that of 830,000 Vietnam veterans with full-blown or partial PTSD, only 55,119 have filed claim s, and the medical boards have only believed 28,411 (Triangle Institute study, July 1990) (Bentley, 2005)Works CitedBentley, S. (2005, March). Short History of PTSD. Retrieved 12 6, 2011, from Veteranhttp//www.vva.org/archive/TheVeteran/2005_03/feature_HistoryPTSD.htmPBS. (n.d.). PBS Org. Retrieved 12 6, 2011, from The Soldiers Heart http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/heart/themes/shellshock.htmlPeterson, D. (2009). From Shell shock to PTSD. Retrieved 12 6, 2011, from http//www.las.illinois.edu/news/2009/ptsd/Rothschild, B. (n.d.). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Retrieved 11 6, 20011, from http//www.healing-arts.org/tir/n-r-rothschild.htm

The Nature of Swimming Essay -- Society Analysis

Competitive swimming is a sport full of juxtaposing ideologies and personal struggle with little camaraderie. The divergent sport is perpetually evolving and pitting individuals totally against one another in a foreign environment. Likewise corporate employees day in and day out work alone building their nest egg until the day they can succeed and come out on top or retire. Competitive swimming symbolizes the struggle for galore(postnominal) of the Americans ideologies within the framework of corporate America.In inequalities in the realm of competitive swimming mirror those of corporate America. Swimming like an overwhelming amount of corporations is reign by wealthy white good deal. In the 2006, the last year the NCAA published data, whites were nearly 70 times more likely to be in cleavage I swim teams than African-Americans. Even worse, a recent study confirmed that, Fatal unintentional drowning rates for 5-14 year old African Americans were 3.2 times high than that for wh ites. The swimming disparity is not just one of race but economic class as the percentage of blacks in the is significantly lower than their boilersuit percentage in the population. Swimming is much more expensive than basketball, football and track and thus facilities are frequently only available to the wealthy. Just as people are scared away from swimming they are scared away from corporate America supposing that they do not have enough training, their family did not have money and thus do not even attempt to succeed. Swimming although it may seem relatively natural requires lots of training and resources to overshadow that complicated strokes. As the coach said, there are no natural swimmers. Parents often have their children training to become professional swimmers often ... ...Wayne Humphrey, vice electric chair of government relations for Central Florida YMCA said, When you look into their eyes, you can see they believe they have a future. Their aspirations and their hope is grounded in their experience as swimmers, as people and as future leaders. Breaking barriers in swimming and incorporation incites images of freedom and hope that Americans desire. Despite the reality fettered by inequalities in access and unequivocal rules as long as Americans desire to succeed and value individuality competitive swimming and corporations will continue to grow. Works Citedhttp//sports.espn.go.com/espn/columns/story?columnist=lapchick_richard&id=3417453, http//www.google.com/universal resource locator?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answerbag.com%2Fq_view%2F34008%23ixzz182EDMI6i&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGR0A9-Oke0G2XfSA-83-_nwHDqeg, http//www.answerbag.com/q_view/34008ixzz182EDMI6i

The Change in Scrooge’s Character :: A Christmas Carol Charles Dickens Essays

The Change in Scrooges Character How does hellion show the adjustment in scrooges character in AChristmas Carol, look closely at the language used and how thisinfluences the occupyerIn 1843 Charles dickens wrote A Christmas Carol partly to make commonwealth aware of the terrible conditions of the children of the poor.In 1843 he visited the field lane ragged school and was appalled bywhat he saw there/ ragged schools catered for the very poorest, hungrychildren who roamed the streets, trying to teach them the basic skillsof reading and writing. He had also been shocked by a parliamentaryreport by the childrens employment commission. Dickens was the mostpopular novelist of the day and he soon realized that far more peoplewould take notice of the terrible conditions of the poor if he wroteabout them in a story.A Christmas carol was published on 17th December 1843 and by the24th he had s grey-haired 6,000 copies. Dickens called it a most prodigioussuccess., the greatest, I think, have ever achieved.A Christmas carol is still widely read today and appears in manyversions including illustrated re-telling of the story for youngchildren. Hardly a Christmas goes by without a version of A Christmascarol appearing on TV in one form or another. The name of the maincharacter, scrooge, has come into general use in the English languagemeaning a mean or mean person.In A Christmas carol Dickens shows scrooge as an evil, nasty man byusing a tenacious list of adjectives, hes described with this sentenceOh But he was a tight fisted hand at the grindstone, scrooge Asqueezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous oldsinner Hard and sharp as flint, from which no steel had ever struckout generous fire secret, and self-contained, and as solitary as an oysterAnother way to show this is the way he talks to people, e.g. when hisnephew invites him to his Christmas party but he turns him down andcalls Christmas a Humbug and even worse, when 2 humanity workers askhim for a donation for the poor children, he says send them to thework houses, if they would rather die they better do it, and decreasethe surplus population. This shows how much of a cold hearted,covetous sinner he is.Dickens makes us feel like hes an evil man, hes selfish and sayshed rather the children die than donate his money to charity.When the ghost of Marley visited scrooge in the night, he was shocked,he first saw Marleys face as the doorknob, then he was frightenedfurther when the ghost of Marley opened the door from the outside when

The Change in Scrooge’s Character :: A Christmas Carol Charles Dickens Essays

The Change in Scrooges Character How does dickens show the change in scrooges character in AChristmas Carol, look closely at the language used and how thisinfluences the readerIn 1843 Charles dickens wrote A Christmas Carol partly to make batch aware of the terrible conditions of the children of the poor.In 1843 he visited the field lane ragged school and was appalled bywhat he saw there/ ragged schools catered for the truly poorest, hungrychildren who roamed the streets, trying to teach them the basic skillsof reading and writing. He had also been shocked by a parliamentaryreport by the childrens enjoyment commission. fiend was the mostpopular novelist of the day and he soon realized that far more peoplewould take notice of the terrible conditions of the poor if he wroteabout them in a story.A Christmas carol was published on 17th December 1843 and by the24th he had sold 6,000 copies. Dickens called it a most prodigioussuccess., the greatest, I think, have ever achieved.A Christm as carol is still widely read today and appears in manyversions including illustrated re-telling of the story for greenchildren. Hardly a Christmas goes by without a version of A Christmascarol appearing on TV in one form or another. The refer of the maincharacter, scrooge, has come into general use in the English languagemeaning a miserly or mean person.In A Christmas carol Dickens shows scrooge as an evil, nasty man byusing a long list of adjectives, hes described with this destineOh But he was a tight fisted hand at the grindstone, scrooge Asqueezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous oldsinner Hard and sharp as flint, from which no steel had ever struckout generous fire secret, and self-contained, and as solitary as anoysterAnother way to show this is the way he talks to people, e.g. when hisnephew invites him to his Christmas party but he turns him down andcalls Christmas a Humbug and even worse, when 2 charity workers askhim for a donation for the poor chil dren, he says send them to thework houses, if they would rather die they better do it, and decreasethe surplus population. This shows how much of a cold hearted,covetous sinner he is.Dickens makes us feel like hes an evil man, hes selfish and sayshed rather the children die than donate his money to charity.When the shadowiness of Marley visited scrooge in the night, he was shocked,he first saw Marleys face as the doorknob, then he was frightenedfurther when the ghost of Marley opened the door from the outside when

Birth Order

This paper ought to review and study the possible connection between small fry order and psycheality, with nonice to the surmisal as proposed by Alfred Adler. The paper would take a look at what the theory is all about and whether there atomic number 18 enough evidence that could allow Adlers claim.Alfred Adler has been one of the pioneers of psychoanalysis, although he ventured away from some of Sigmund Freuds theories. It was due to their difference in ideas and contextual analysis that the separation from the Psychoanalytic school happened. Adler created his avouch school of psychology which he called Individual Psychology. In this group, the concern focused on the so-called inferiority complex that humans possess (Ansbacher, 1964).With respect to Adlers theory, humans are originally weak and helpless. Humans are born without knowledge and must always be guided by those who are superior or by someone who is older (Ansbacher, 1964).Because of this, infantren strive to lea rn further and try in e rattling way to exceed or at least achieve the kindred level as those people whom they perceive to be superior to them. This is what Adler speculated as the inferiority complex, the driving force that fuels a humans emotions, actions and reasons (Mosak, 1999).According to Adler those people who strive to become the best or those who try in every way to succeed are people who pay off very high inferiority complex, while those who are easy-going are more likely less affected by the inferiority complex (Mosak, 1999).However, a very strong inferiority complex might also have a negative effect on a particular person, most specifically when the person has failed in most of his/her endeavors. These experiences might leave the person feeling wrecked, hopeless and unmotivated to strive towards future goals because of the overwhelming failure that the person has encountered.Adler supported Freuds hypothesis concerning the effects of stiring styles on the life of th e person. Adler hypothesized that there are two parenting styles, pampering and neglect, which affect the life of adult person.Pampering would be the process in which the parent gives too much attention to the youngster and protects the nipper, so that the babe is presented with an ideal sphere. This does not help the child develop into a full social individual. callable to this kind of treatment, the child might develop a severe inferiority complex and might be shocked when faced with the realities of life on their own. (Drescher & Stone, 2004)The child might not be able to perform well on his/her own because he/she was used to the experience of having his/her parents on his/her side whenever problems arose. Also the child would be doubtful not only of his/her abilities but also of the decisions that he/she makes.With regards to the neglectful parenting style, the child is said to be exposed to all the extremes and problems that the world deal offer. Since the child was left alone, he/she might be force to struggle on his/her own which leads to his/her mistrust to the people around him/her. Because of this, the child reared under a neglectful parenting style finds it very hard to create or build relationships with other people especially with his/her peers. (MacDonald, 1971)Therefore, Alfred Adler believed that parents shall make sure that the child was protected from the evils of the world at the same time the parents are obligated to present to the child the harsh realities of life. (Stein, 2007) Simply put, the child must be protected but that does not mean that the parent would deny them the knowledge and opportunity of knowing how to solve problems independently.Aside from parenting, another aspect that greatly affects a childs performance in his lifetime according to Adler is his/her birth order. Indeed, this assumption has since garnered criticism and support from psychologists and social scientists.According to this theory, the birth order of th e child determines how he views himself as a person with respect to how the child is treated in his family. It is also the factor which is responsible for the behavior and personality of the person in his adult life. (Stein, 2007)The FirstbornAccording to Adlers theory, the firstborn of the family is treated with outmost care and spoiled before the other siblings arrived. The situation for this child starts out with excited parents and the child usually has everything he/she needs. When the jr. sibling is conceived there is a sudden shift of attention of the parents. The new baby now receives more attention that the firstborn child. Thus the firstborn, in Adlers theory, tries his/her best to regain this attention. The child desperately seeks the return of his/her parents full love and interest. (Stein, 2007)Most firstborns feel dethroned by their younger siblings because they now have to share everything with the next child thus, a firstborn learns to share. Also, the firstborn are given more responsibility than the other children, since they are the eldest this could cause them to develop an authoritarian persona. (Mosak, 1999)The parents expectations for the firstborn are usually very high they are pushed into the situation of being responsible and setting an example for their younger siblings. These experiences might led the first born child to develop the qualities of a good leader, although usually firstborn children have lower self confidence than other children. (Stein, 2007)The MiddlebornMiddle children do not encounter the same expectations and are not spoiled as the firstborn however, they still get a portion of the attention that the firstborn child enjoys. What makes being the middle child interesting is that they not only experience a drive to be superior to the first child, but also must compete for attention and emplacement among the younger siblings. These experiences could cause inferiority with reference to their older siblings but superiori ty with reference to their younger siblings. (Stein, 2007)

What is civilisation ?

Asia but the crucial area for its development was the fertile crescent. China and the States soon followed with the development of agriculture. Agriculture is the first sign that shows humans beginning to control nature. When enough food was available, people started settling down resulting into more knotty developments belonging to civilization. Soon after settling down the domestication of animals began, Only 14 of the animals urine that clock were suitable for domestication. Mom requirements for the animals (not all animals had all these attributes) were top executive used in travel and agriculture (e. G. Horse), relatively short maturing time, the ability to produce food such as milk or honey. After these all important(predicate) developments the wheel, writing, pottery, metaphorically and super complex houses and monuments were built. This was mostly due to the time people now had (thanks to agriculture and the domestication of animals) to think rather than hunt and gather. Along with super developed physical objects/items also employ social methods thrived.A sophisticated legal system was formed to solve issues and labor was devised between people (instead of everyone doing the same work). musical composition was invented and on with this the study of nature and education became recognized. Philosophical ideas grew and became morals for people. A large piece of our civilization Is due to luck In where our ancestors decided to harmonise down. We can still see some affects of it today, such as the difference between America (America had very protein rich food) and New Guiana (New Guiana 1 OFF ere pattern the population of a civilization started to grow.Mortality went down but then again disease spread more eagerly. When population grew, a certain hierarchy grew along it. Hierarchy was also present during the Paleolithic age, but now there were more factors and affairs that could be classed. People who had some special skill or profession were res pected (e. G. Priest or a person who could write). Religion and politics were more separate than before as well. Civilization can never be simply defined, as people have very different views on it. Different subcultures and tribes may have their own concept of it.The standard western comment in my opinion is this A collection of many factors that enable us to be in control of our surroundings (nature, animals our social lives) and where technology, systems and living conditions are highly advanced. A large population is needed to sustain all these systems. My view and differences between sources In the PDF file about ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt most facts are told without overmuch further explanation or criticism. During our classes Vive noticed, that we must question things to find the best definition for ourselves.Overall there arent many differences between the facts told to us from both sources. I please both methods thoroughly and they give a very clear explanation togethe r. One main impact of civilization is that it makes our lives easier via all the inventions. Many people dont civilise care of their physical health even though, 2 Homo Sapiens were built to hunt and gather. One aspect of civilization, domestication, is useful if not necessary, but its MIS-used and were cleaning the planet that we live in (high ICC emissions, cutting down rain forests).We should take example from uncivilized people who mostly respect nature and live in the first place on its demands. These people could teach us a lot about communication, and how life could be better in general (by being more transparent without advanced technology). In my view humans should create more echo-friendly technology and should consume less (e. G. Food and clothes). Civilization shouldnt go back in time to when it was better ,but instead be offered to all those who want it, and develop more ideas and inventions that compromise between us and nature.

Human Organ Donation Opinion Paper Essay

1. The progress and spread of remove medicine and surgery present tense makes thinkable treatment and cure for many illnesses which, up to a short time ago, could only lead to close or, at best, a painful and contain existence. This service to life,1 which the donation and transplant of electric organs represents, shows its chaste value and legitimizes its medical practice. There atomic number 18, however, some conditions which must be observed, particularly those regarding sponsors and the organs donated and implanted. Every organ or human tissue transplant requires an explant which in some way impairs the corporeal integrity of the donor.2. The present shortage of available organs for transplant has resulted in a number of propositions for improving the situation so as to preserve the life of those in danger of imminent death, and/or to improve the health of those who are suffering from various aliments. These propositions range from state-funding of more electronic org an gift coordinators, to the establishment of a free market in organs.3. Not tout ensemble options, however, are virtuously acceptable. Moreover, every option must be subject to clear, coherent and rationally defensible ethical analysis. The approach used in this credit is that of the authoritative moral teaching of the Magisterium of the Roman Catholic Church and the natural law tradition (specifically that articulated by the Magisterium). It does so on the basis that (a) all early(a) approaches that target to be based on reason al whizz are essentially deficient and ultimately incoherent and (b) that the moral truth of natural law is, by definition, accessible to all.The Church thus rejects those approaches to morality, such as all forms of utilitarianism, that require people to occupy in the epistemologically and intellectually impossible task of measuring and advisement all the certain and possible good and evil effects of an doing.2 To cite washbowl Paul II, How could an absolute obligation resulting from such debatable calculations be reassert?3 Instead, the Catholic analysis of a policys moral dimension focuses upon asking whether an option is choice-worthy, or if it is excluded from upright choice by its opposition in some way to the human goods (bona humana) to which St. Thomas Aquinas says all people, religious or otherwise, are directed by the first principles of practical reasonableness,4 the basic reasons for action which the encyclical letter Veritatis Splendor calls fundamental human goods.54. This opinion considers only one proposition that is, The Richard M. De Vos Position Paper on Financial Incentives for Organ Donation (hereafter the Position Paper). This proposition involves the establishment of a tax incentive or an insurance benefit to be received by the designated beneficiary of a donor upon the successful transplant of the donors organs following the donors natural death. This policy encourages people to designate, unambiguo usly, if they wish to start out their organs get after death with the object of an act creation the saving of human life.5. Should there be any change in the composition of the Position Paper, this opinion should be considered null and void until the author has had the opportunity to consider the ethical implications of the changes.6. Should the Magisterium of the Roman Catholic Church pronounce authoritatively and specifically on the proposition articulated in the Position Paper or a similar proposition, then the authors position should be henceforth assumed to stick to that of the Church.The Catholic Position on Organ Transplantation and Compensation for Donation of Human OrgansThere are positive and negative dimensions to the teaching of the Catholic Church on organ transplantation and the question of compensation.Positive Dimensions1. Transplantation between species, specifically from animal to human, in general, is not morally forbidden. It cannot be verbalise that every t ransplant of tissues (biologically possible) between two individuals of different species is morally reprehensible, but it is even less true that every heterogeneous transplant biologically possible is not forbidden and cannot raise objections. A distinction must be made between cases, depending on which tissue or organ is intended for transplant. The transplant of animal intimate glands to humans must be rejected as immoral but the transplant of the cornea of a non-human being to a human organism would not create any problem if it were biologically possible and advisable.62. Transplantation from a corpse requires that the corpse be treated with the respect due to the dwelling house of a spiritual and immortal soul, an essential constituent of a human person whose lordliness it shared.73. Transplantation from a corpse to a sprightliness being is permissible. Physicians should not, however, be permitted to undertake excisions or other operations on a corpse without the permission of those charged with its care and perhaps even in the verbalism of objections previously expressed by the person in question.8 Organ transplants are not morally acceptable if the donor or those who legitimately speak for him have not given their informed consent. Organ transplants conform with the moral law and can be meritorious if the physical and psychological dangers and risks incurred by the donor are proportionate to the good sought for the recipient. It is morally inadmissible directly to bring about the disabling mutilation or death of a human being, even in order to delay the death of other persons.94. People may choose in their wills to dispose of their bodies after natural death for legitimate medical purposes.105. Organ transplantation from a live donor is also permissible. People are not, however, free to destroy or mutilate their members or in any other way render themselves unfit for their natural functions, except when no other provision can be made for the good of the whole body. This does not practice out live organ donation for transplantation, provided that the donors own health, identity, or adequate biological functioning is not endangered. One can donate only what he can deprive himself of without serious danger to his life or personal identity, and for a just and proportionate reason.11 Vital organs may only be donated after death.126. Organ donation is neither a duty nor an obligatory act of charity.13 But a transplant, and even a naive blood transfusion, is not like other operations. It must not be separated from the donors act of self-giving, from the love that gives life. The physician should always be conscious of the particular nobility of this work he becomes the mediator of something especially significant, the gift of self which one person has madeeven after deathso that another might live.147. Specifically regarding the issue of incentives for organ donation, compensation (financial or otherwise) is not in principle rule d out. In advertising (for cornea donors) an hefty reserve should be maintained to avoid serious interior and exterior conflicts. Also, is it necessary, as often happens, to refuse any compensation as a publication of principle? The question has arisen. Without doubt there can be grave abuses if recompense is demanded but it would be an exaggeration to say that any acceptance or requirement of recompense is immoral. The case is analogous to that of blood transfusion it is to the donors credit if he refuses recompense, but it is not necessarily a accuse to accept it.15 Hence, while organ donation is commendable, acceptance of compensation may be permissible.Negative Dimensions1. The following conditions would render compensation for donating human organs morally impermissible (a) if the compensation were carried out in a manner that obfuscates, denies, or undermines the belief in the divine origin of human life or the dignity thereby due the corpse (b) if the intention and object of seeking compensation for either oneself or others was an illegal, immoral, or irreligious end, or directly violated one or more of the fundamental human goods or (c) the act of compensation amounted to merely instrumentalising the donor or the donors mere self-instrumentalization.2. The transplantation of the sexual glands from animals to humans is to be rejected as immoral16 because such a transplant would directly deny the sacred element in humanity and the goods of human love.3. Society, specifically in the form of its political organization, the State, may not commandeer the organs of a deceased human being without the prior permission of that person or the consent of his family.17 The relation of individual human persons to the body politic is moral, not organic. This rules out any form of coercive donation, including organ procurement strategies such as presumed consent in which, absent a specific refusal, one is presumed to have consented to donation.4. It is forbidden for any form of organ donation, be it by a living donor or from a corpse, to involve any mere instrumentalization of the person from whom the organ is taken. This prohibition includes any mere self-instrumentalization by a living donor. John Paul II states, The body cannot be treated as a merely physical or biological entity, nor can its organs ever be used as items of sale or exchange. Such a reductive materialist conception would lead to a merely instrumental use of the body and indeed of the person. In such a perspective, organ transplantation and the grating of tissue would no longer correspond to an act of donation but would amount to the eviction or plundering of the body.18 Acceptance of compensation for oneself or others, as described above, however, need not proceed from a choice merely to instrumentalise oneself.5. It is forbidden to engage in the commercial trafficking of bodies. Also, in the case of dead fetuses, as for the corpses of adult persons, all commercial traffic king must be considered illicit and should be prohibited.196. Ethically, not all organs can be donated. The brain and the gonads may not be transplanted because they ensure the personal and procreative identity respectively. These are organs which embody the sign uniqueness of the person, which medicine is bound to protect.20

Reflection of Educational Philosophy

More than ever, t for each oneers have myriad of decisions to make in their classrooms. Naturally, they have to control curricula, how to rate the students on their work and the specific grades to give to each pupil. However, a teachers responsibility goes far beyond this. They must decide what other skills would be helpful, or even essential, to live in this fast- tempod global environment. beyond the academics, students need education in intercommunication, diversity and multiculturalism, time management, critical thinking, creativity and expression, and multi-tasking. Many students also need self-esteem building, stress reduction methods, psychological keep and just a caring, nonjudgmental hand of support.According to the class readings, educational philosophy reflects the personal values/principles that guide teachers in making choices in their classroom. To determine these choices, they should take into consideration the nature of reality (metaphysics) the study of knowledge t hat has been disclosed to man by God (revealed) knowledge that is confirmed trough the senses (empirical) knowledge that is reliable as true because it comes form noted experts in their wishive fields (authoritative) knowledge that comes from within (intuitive) the study of objective or subjective values unchanging and unchanging values (absoluteness of values) as well the hierarchy of values.My hope is that I will have a broad educational philosophy based on my personal and religious values that guides me in the long run, but, at the same time, the cleverness to see each child as an individual who has his/her unique needs. each(prenominal) student exists in a different reality of circumstances, is surrounded by and reacts to different sensual stimulation, learns accepted knowledge at a varied pace and aptitude, and has a special mindset and internal belief system. A teacher should not compare students based on their talents or abilities-each child is special in his/her own way . The pupils strengths should be encouraged and their challenges improved.I believe that the students of today must learn their academics. That goes without saying. However, above all else it is essential to instill within them respect for others and themselves, the ability to manage change, and the patience to accept temporary setbacks. As they get older, their life decisions will become increasingly difficult. With a strong foundation of self-worth and the ability to respect the differences and needs of others, it is hoped that they can make the decisions that are best for them and their world at large.

Ethical Non-Objectivism Essay

According to A. J. Ayers, the righteous judgements are non cognitive in nature and are based on specificity to a given situation. These judgements can not be evaluated in absolute terms as true or false but rather on the basis of validity or applicability to a given situation. A moral judgement, according to him, is reflective of emotions aroused by a particular situation and can hence be class as valid or invalid rather than as true or false. These judgements are not objective propositions but they express emotions and are not verifiable.An contrast about the truth or falsity of a moral judgement is actually the interpretation based on empirical observations to specific cases thereby constituting a non-objective reality. The validity or the truth and falsity of ethical judgements can not be found because they are dependent on sense-experiences and they do not categorically make statements but rather give ones biased opinion towards the situation. The ethical and moral judgement s are thus purely emotive. compelling arguments for moral objectivism do not constitute a proposition since they are based on normative emotional reactions and earlier moral conditioning. His key argument against moral objectivism is thus this emotive response because even if an adversary agrees to facts in a given situation, he might still differ on his moral judgement with the two parties accusing each other of having a distorted moral sense whereas in reality each may be warrant in having their judgements from their emotive experiences.Hence, the claims of moral objectivists on the correctness of their moral evaluations can not be verified in absolute terms as a propositional claim. Any such claim carries with it a certain emotive content or a sense-experience and so these do not come under the purview of being right or wrong as the moral objectivists proclaim. A more sound treatment of these value judgements, Ayer believes is an approach that takes into view an individuals or a groups empirical viewpoints.ReferencesJules Ayer, Alfred. (1952). Language, truth, and logic. Dover Publications.

Global Financial Crisis and Nigerian Stock Market Volatility

GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS AND NIGERIAN STOCK MARKET VOLATILITY Abdul ADAMU Department of Business Administration, Nasarawa State University, Keffi Nasarawa State. emailprotected com emailprotected com Tel. +2348029445391, +2348064851648. Paper presented at the study Conference on Managing the challenges of Global Financial Crisis in Developing Economies organised by the Faculty of Administration, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nasarawa State Nigeria held surrounded by March 9 11, 2010. creepThe current globose fiscal crisis is no longer news but a reality. Our policy makers in the country have been proven wrong found on their argument that the country was insulated. some(prenominal) of the sectors that have felt the heat of the crisis are the banking sector and the crinkle food food grocery. In the argument grocery store place, investors lost trillions of naira due the down(prenominal)s fall in the prices of stock. Based on this, the study assesses the extent of t he stock market unpredictability in the extremity preceding the crisis and the accomplishment of the crisis.Using the in all dower Index, the recidivates for various months were computed, descriptive statistics of the returns was calculated and the excitability of the market was estimated using the standard deviation. It was found that the stock market is highly explosive in the period of the fiscal crisis than the period preceding it. The recommendation is that the depth of instruments in the stock market should be varied in terms of fixed securities than equity instruments. origination The planetary economic crisis, which first emerged as a financial crisis in one country, has now fully installed itself with no bottom yet in sight.The area economy is in a deep recession, and the danger of falling into a deflationary trap laughingstocknot be dismissed for many important countries (UNCTAD, 2009). The recent global economic crisis was a result of economic and political ev ents in the unify States. What started with amended federal policy and poor mortgage lending practices, resulted in a world-wide economic meltdown that spread like a virus (Beck, 2008). The US sub-prime mortgage market triggered the crisis as a result of credit crunch within this market.Most countries around the world have approached this tsunami pragmatically with emergency funding support for relevant sectors, so as to mitigate the regard of the crisis on economies as well as avoiding the entire collapse of the international financial system (Ajakaiye & Fakiyesi, 2009). Despite these supports by various governments in the form bailout, it does not stop near countries to go into recession, because of with child(p) decline in their wealth, manifesting itself in falling productive capacity, growth, employment and welfare.At first, the direct impact of the financial crisis on the African economies was peculiar(a) as African countries has weak integration with the global economy and most commercial banks in the region refrained from investing in the troubled additions from the US and separate part of the world (Adamu, 2008). This is why most commentators argue that Africa is so far insulated from the direct effects of the financial crisis at least in the short-run. But now, this is not the case as the rate of unemployment and liquidity squeeze is becoming unbearable.In Nigeria, like other African developing countries, the initial response to the crisis was rather meek, as if our policy makers do not lowstand the gravity of the crisis. While the developed countries were busy trying to bailout their economy in order to mitigate the effects of the crisis, our leadership were hiding under the shadow of insulation. The most visible sector being hit by this crisis in the Nigerian economy is the capital market.The Nigerian course counterchange, the flagship of Nigerias capital market has witnessed unprecedented turbulence since April, 2008. First, the downwar d slide of the stocks on the market dominated by the banking sector made experts continueive and regulatory authorities jittery. While accusing fingers were being pointed at different directions as the cause of this volatility in the prices of stocks, the market began a free-fall never witnessed in the narrative of capital market operations in Nigeria.Both local and extraneous investors who had taken advantage of the optimal return on enthronements on the stock transfer began to scamper elsewhere in desperation. Some of the questions that are critical to this trend in the capital market are what is the extent of the stock price volatility on the Nigerian Stock Exchange? What are the factors that impacted the stock price volatility? To what extent has this volatility in stock price stirred investors?What can the regulatory authority do to contain this problem? This paper allow for address the first question raised above. This part is the introduction and the rest of the paper i s arranged as follows class ii discussed the concept of financial crisis, the Nigerian capital market and the crisis, then stock market volatility. In section three, we discuss data and methodology, then results and discussions in section four and finally, summary and conclusions in section five. The concept of financial crisisThe term financial crisis is applied slackly to a variety of situations in which some financial institutions or assets suddenly lose a large part of their value. In the 19th and early twentieth centuries, many financial c rise ups were associated with banking panics, and many recessions coincided with these panics. Other situations that are often called financial crises include stock market crashes and the bursting of other financial bubbles, currency crises, and sovereign defaults (Kindleberger & Aliber, 2005, Laeven & Valencia, 2008).Some economic theories that explained financial crises includes the World systems theory which explained the dangers and pe rils, which leading industrial nations result be facing (and are now facing) at the end of the long economic cycle, which began after the oil crisis of 1973. While Coordination games, a mathematical approach to modelling financial crises have emphasized that there is often positive feedback mingled with market participants decisions (Krugman, 2008).Positive feedback implies that there whitethorn be dramatic changes in asset values in response to small changes in economic fundamentals, Minskys theorised that financial fragility is a typical feature of any capitalist economy and financial fragility levels move together with the business cycle, but the Herding and Learning models explained that asset barter fors by a few agents encourage others to buy too, not because the true value of the asset increases when many buy (which is called strategic omplementarity), but because investors come to intend the true asset value is high when they observe others buying (Avery & Zemsky, 1998, Chari and Kehoe, 2004, Cipriani & Guarino, 2008). The Nigerian Capital Market and the Crisis The wholly make out Index and the market capitalisation of the 233 listed equities get down activities and performance on the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE). Before the crisis, there has been a consistent growth in these performance indicators over the year (see fig. 1).For instance, the All Share Index according to data from www. cashcraft. com grow from a value of 12,137 in 2002 to 66,371. 2 points on March 5, 2008, with a market capitalisation of round N12. 640 trillion, after which values fell to 20,827. 17 points on December 31, 2009, with a market capitalisation of 4. 989 trillion because of the meltdown. This shows that by the end of the year 2009, the All Share Index had lost a total share of about 69%, while market capitalisation had lost 61% of its value.There are concerns regarding how promptly the global financial crisis affected the Nigerian Capital Market, especially stipu lation that there is virtually no cross-ownership of banks ( investment or otherwise) between Nigeria and foreign countries, and there is hardly any domestic mortgage market for there to be a sub-prime problem as found particularly in the UK and the USA (Aluko, 2008 Ajakaiye & Fakiyesi, 2009). The decline of indicators of activities on the NSE before the escalation of the crisis on the global scene in July 2008 became a source of concern for many.It is difficult to attribute this decline to any particular factor, but those factors that may have direct or indirect impact are as follows i. Foreign portfolio investments withdrawals and reduced foreign direct investment affect investor confidence in Nigeria (Adamu, 2008 Aluko, 2008 and Ajakaiye & Fakiyesi, 2009). This is the case because most foreigners withhold their investments in order to service their financial problems at home.This exposed the country to FDI uncertainties and vagaries, particularly in an era where public-private p artnership (PPP) of wide investment plans such as oil and gas LNG projects, power plants, rail courses, housing and roads are being encouraged. ii. Another factor which according to Ajakaiye & Fakiyesi (2009) that had serious impact on the stock market is what they called the intensifiers. These include policy interpretations by the market, which may have been induced by the slow government initial stand on the economy. This besides includes interpretation of announcements, proclamations and rumours by the market.Examples include the proposed recapitalisation plan of the stock market players (stock broking firms), as well as rumours on the termination of margin lending by banks. iii. The phenomenon of marginal lending in Nigeria, whereby investors borrow money from banks to invest in other financial instruments like IPOs of banks with the hope of making quick returns. This may also be termed Nigerias own version of the sub-prime problem, as it resulted in an exploding domestic st ock market and stock prices and astounding returns to both the speculators and providers of the margin funds.This make the banks to line up the heat of the crisis as most margin loans become difficult to repay due to the downward trend in the market. iv. With the currency overdependence on oil revenue, the downward trend in the price of crude oil and prospects for economic recession in the developed world and Europe which are the markets for the oil, also contributed for the fall in the stock market. Because it look as if Nigerias capital market bear cycle actually began with the decline of oil prices in July, and accelerate with its further decline in September and October (Aluko, 2008 Ajakaiye & Fakaiye, 2009).Stock Market Volatility Stock volatility refers to the potential for a given stock to experience a drastic decrease or increase in value within a predetermined period of time. Investors evaluate the volatility of stock before making a decision to purchase a new stock offeri ng, buy additional shares of a stock already in the portfolio, or sell stock currently in the possession of the investor. In recent months, it has not been unusual to see the value of major stock indexes, such as the S 500, NIKKEI, DOW JONES, KOSPI, FTSE, and our own NSE-ASI change by as much as 3% in a single day.Unfortunately for many investors, the general direction of those changes has been downward. To many, this volatility is driven by the recent global financial crisis. Stock market volatility tends to be persistent that is, periods of high volatility as well as low volatility tend to closing for months. In particular, periods of high volatility tend to occur when stock prices are falling and during recessions. Stock market volatility also is positively related to volatility in economic variables, such as inflation, industrial production, and debt levels in the corporate sector (Schwert, 1989).The persistence in volatility is not surprising stock market volatility should de pend on the overall health of the economy, and real economic variables themselves tend to display persistence. The persistence of stock market return volatility has deuce interesting implications. First, volatility is a proxy for investment take a chance. Persistence in volatility implies that the risk and return trade-off changes in a predictable way over the business cycle. Second, the persistence in volatility can be used to predict rising economic variables.For example, Campbell, Lettau, Malkiel, and Xu (2001) show that stock market volatility helps to predict GDP growth. Volatility may impair the smooth functioning of the financial system and adversely affect economic performance (Mala & Reddy, 2007). Similarly, stock market volatility also has a number of shun implications. One of the ship canal in which it affects the economy is through its effect on consumer spending (Campbell, 1996 Starr-McCluer, 1998 Ludvigson & Steindel, 1999 and Poterba, 2000).The impact of stock mark et volatility on consumer spending is related via the wealth effect. Increased wealth will drive up consumer spending. However, a fall in stock market will weaken consumer confidence and thus drive down consumer spending. Stock market volatility may also affect business investment (Zuliu, 1995) and economic growth directly (Levine & Zervos, 1996 and Arestis, Demetriades, & Luintel, 2001). A rise in stock market volatility can be interpreted as a rise in risk of equity investment and thus a shift of funds to slight risky assets.This move could lead to a rise in cost of funds to firms and thus new firms might bear this effect as investors will turn to purchase of stock in larger, well cognise firms. While there is a general consensus on what constitutes stock market volatility and, to a lesser extent, on how to measure it, there is far less agreement on the causes of changes in stock market volatility. Some economists see the causes of volatility in the arrival of new, unanticipated information that alters expected returns on a stock (Engle, 1982).Thus, changes in market volatility would merely reflect changes in the local or global economic environment. Others claim that volatility is caused mainly by changes in trading volume, practices or patterns, which in turn are driven by factors such as modifications in macroeconomic policies, shifts in investor tolerance of risk and increased uncertainty. The degree of stock market volatility can help forecasters predict the path of an economys growth and the structure of volatility can imply that investors now need to hold more stocks in their portfolio to achieve diversification(Krainer, 2002).Data and Methodology This research relies on the daily All Share Index (ASI) of the Nigerian Stock Exchange as reported by the exchange and on Cashcraft database. There are 233 listed companies on the Nigerian Stock Exchange and the ASI is the major index that captures the performance of all the shares of the listed companies. Using the ASI, the monthly returns (%) were calculated using the formula below Where Vf is the ASI at the end of the month, and Vi is the ASI at the set about of the month. These returns were calculated for all the 48 months used in this study.We measure volatility using the standard deviation and/or variance. This is done by dividing the period under study into two. The first period comprises of 24 months observation for 2006 and 2007, the period prior to the crisis and the second 24 observations were for 2008 and 2009, the period of the crisis. In examining volatility changes over time, we compare the variances or standard deviations of the different periods and determine if they are statistically significantly different from each other. To estimate volatility, the expected returns or mean for these periods returns were computed using the equationThis implies that is the just of the return values. Using this value for and the variance estimate results in a formula for the volat ility is given as . It follows that the estimation of the volatility constant given by Wilmott, Howison and Dewynne (1995) is Lastly, the expected returns and the standard deviations will be used in testing the hypothesis whether there is a significant difference between the promoter of the two observation using t statistic for testing difference of two doer. Results and Discussions Table 1 shows the descriptive statistics of the monthly returns for the two periods.For the period 2006 2007, the average return was 3. 42% with a standard deviation of 5. 37%. This is showing that during this period, stock market returns was less evaporable because a less volatile stock will have a price/return that will deviate relatively from the mean little over time. This is the period when investors have consistent positive returns on their investment and there are willing to invest because stock returns are less volatile and their exposure to risk is less. Table 1. Descriptive Statistics RETU RNS %2006-072008-09 Mean3. 4233 -4. 3658 Standard Error1. 09552. 5003 Median3. 550-4. 8400 ModeN/AN/A Standard Deviation5. 367012. 2489 ensample Variance28. 8050150. 0365 Kurtosis0. 67236. 3865 Skewness0. 39191. 4372 Range24. 6669. 15 Minimum-7. 44-30. 95 Maximum17. 2238. 2 Sum82. 16-104. 78 Count2424 Source excel output On the other hand, during the period 2008 2009, there was a negative average return of 4. 37% with a standard deviation of 12. 25% showing high volatility in returns. This is as a result of the accelerated downward fall of the stock prices on the Nigerian Stock Exchange as a result of loss of investors confidence due to the global financial crisis.This period is characterised by negative returns which results to high volatility, and as we can see, the more volatile that a stock is, the harder it is to isolate where it could be on a future tense date. Since volatility is associated with risk, the more volatile that a stock is, the more risky it is. Consequently, t he more risky a stock is, the harder it is to say with any certainty what the future price of the stock will be. When people invest, they would like to have no risk. The least amount of risk that is involved, the better the investment is.Since almost every investment has some risk, investors have looked for ways to minimize risk, so their best reaction was to avoid the stock market and this affected the market. The other descriptive statistics showed that both distributions are positive or right skewed, meaning that most of the returns are in the lower portion of the distribution and there are some returns that has extremely large values and this pull the mean return upward to be greater than the median, specifically for the second period. Both has a positive kurtosis value of 0. 6723 and 6. 865 indicates a distribution with a sharper peak than a bell shaped curves. The result of the test for the hypothesis to determine whether there is a significant difference between the means of the two observations is presented in table 2 below. The hypothesis is Ho 1 = 2 i. e. there is no difference in the means of the two observations H1 1 ? 2 i. e. there is difference in the means of the two observations. From the result of the t- test, the null hypothesis is rejected at 5% level of significance. This is because t = 2. 85 t = 2. 01. the p value computed is 0. 064 and it indicates that if the means are equal, the probability of observing a difference this large in the sample means is wholly 0. 0064. Based on this, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean returns are different for the two periods, and that returns are lower in the period of the crisis than the period before it. This confirms the reason why there is higher volatility in this period than the other period. Table 2. t Test for differences in Two means (assumes equal population variances) Data Hypothesized Difference0 Level of Significance0. 05 Population 1 Sample Sample Size24 Sample Mean 3. 233 Sample Standard Deviation5. 367 Population 2 Sample Sample Size24 Sample Mean-4. 3658 Sample Standard Deviation12. 2489 Intermediate Calculations Population 1 Sample Degrees of Freedom23 Population 2 Sample Degrees of Freedom23 Total Degrees of Freedom46 Pooled Variance89. 42012 Difference in Sample Means7. 7891 t Test Statistic2. 853384 Two-Tail Test Lower Critical Value-2. 012896 Upper Critical Value2. 012896 p-Value0. 006463 Reject the null hypothesis Source Excel output Conclusion and recommendations The paper canvass the extent of the stock market volatility in the period of 2006 2009.The period is divided into 24 months each to study the volatility of market returns between 2006 2007, and between 2008 2009. On the basis of the results it was found that the period 2006 2007 is less volatile than the period of 2008 2009 and this is due to the global financial that have affected investors confidence. Since volatility is associated with risk, the more volatile that a stock is, the more risky it is. Consequently, the more risky a stock is, the harder it is to say with any certainty what the future price of the stock will be. When people invest, they would like to have no risk.The least amount of risk that is involved, the better the investment is. Since almost every investment has some risk, investors have looked for ways to minimize risk, so their best reaction was to avoid the stock market and this affected the market. The recommendation is that the stock market instruments need to be diversified away(predicate) form equity instruments to more of fixed security instruments. References Adamu, A. (2008). The Effects of global financial crisis on Nigerian Economy. International Journal of Investment and finance Vol. 1. 1&2. Ajakaiye, O. & Fakiyesi, T. (2009). Global financial crisis Discussion paper 8 Nigeria.Oversea Development Institute, London. Aluko, M. (2008). The global financial meltdown Impact on Nigerias capital market and foreign reserv es. retrieved from www. google. com on 14 January, 2010. Arestis, P. , Demetriades, P. O. & Luintel, K. B. (2001). Financial development and economic growth The role of stock markets. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 33(2)16-41. Avery, C. , & Zemsky, P. (1998). Multidimensional uncertainty and herd behavior in financial markets. American Economic Review 88, pp. 724-748. Campbell, J. (1996). Consumption and the stock market Interpreting international experience.NBER work Paper, 5610. Campbell, J. , Lettau, M. , Malkiel, B. , & Xu, Y. (2001). Have individual stocks become more volatile? An empirical exploration of idiosyncratic risk. Journal of Finance 56, pp. 143. Chari, V. , & Kehoe, P. (2004). Financial crises as herds overturning the critiques. Journal of Economic Theory 119, pp. 128-150. Cipriani, M. , & Guarino, A. (2008). Herd behavior and contagion in financial markets. The B. E. Journal of Theoretical Economics 8(1) (Contributions), Article 24, pp. 1-54. Engle, R. F. (1 982). Autoregressive conditional heteroscadasticity with estimates of the variance of the U. K. inflation.Econometrica, 50(3)987-1008. Kinder, C. (2002). Estimating Stock Volatility. retrievd from www. google. com on 19 January, 2010. Kindleberger, C. P. , & Aliber, R. (2005). Manias, Panics, and Crashes A History of Financial Crises (5th ed). Wiley, ISBN 0471467146. Krainer, J. (2002). Stock market volatility. FRBSF Economic Letter, Western Banking, 2002-32, pp1-4. Krugman, P. (2008, October, 27). The widening gyre. saucy York Times. Laeven, L. , & Valencia, F. (2008). Systemic banking crises A new database. International Monetary Fund Working Paper 08/224. Levine, R & S. Zervos (1996). Stock market development and long-run growth.World Bank Economic Review, 10(1)323-339. Ludvigson, S & C. Steindel (1999). How important is the stock market effect on consumption. Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review, 5(1)29-51. Mala, R, & Reddy, M. (2007). Measuring stock market volatility in an emerging economy. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue 8 126-133. Poterba, J. M. (2000). Stock market wealth and consumption, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(2)99-118. Schwert, W. (1989). Why does stock market volatility change over time? Journal of Finance 44, pp. 1,1151,153. Starr-McCluer, M. (1998).Stock market wealth and consumer spending. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Finance and Economics Discussion Paper Series, 8/20. UNCTAD (2009). Global economic meltdown. Geneva United Nation Conference on Trade and development Wilmott, P. , Howison, S. , & Dewynne, J. (1995). The Mathematics of Financial Derivatives. New York Cambridge University Press. Zuliu, H (1995). Stock market volatility and corporate investment, IMF Working Paper, 95/102. www. cashcraft. com Appendices 1. Monthly returns computed using the NSE-ASI MONTHS/ YEARSRETURNS %MONTHS/ YEARSRETURNS % Jan-06-1. 69Jan-08-0. 02 Feb-060. 30Feb-08-11. 1 Mar-06-2. 00Mar-08-4. 01 Apr-06-0. 75Apr-08-5. 67 May-065. 45May-08-0. 33 Jun-065. 66Jun-080. 00 Jul-066. 75Jul-08-6. 90 Aug-0617. 22Aug-08-9. 22 Sep-060. 67Sep-08-6. 07 Oct-060. 35Oct-08-20. 96 Nov-06-3. 84Nov-08-9. 08 Dec-064. 92Dec-08-2. 37 Jan-078. 93Jan-09-30. 95 Feb-0710. 62Feb-097. 17 Mar-074. 87Mar-09-12. 60 Apr-078. 44Apr-098. 15 May-075. 95May-0938. 20 Jun-072. 44Jun-09-12. 63 Jul-070. 94Jul-09-7. 09 Aug-07-7. 44Aug-09-10. 42 Sep-07-0. 12Sep-09-2. 2 Oct-07-0. 16Oct-09-3. 08 Nov-077. 82Nov-09-3. 64 Dec-076. 83Dec-090. 05 Figure 1. Stock market performance, 2002-2009 Source Extracted from Ajakaiye and Fakiyesi (2009)

Intelligence Led Policing Essay

ILP is a legal philosophy strategy aimed at curbing crime by use of intelligence information and appropriate deployment of resources. It drive out be considered objective because of its effectiveness in collection and analysis of criminal and social data. It is aimed at reduction, stripe and disruption of criminal activities d champion the use of effective enforcement and strategic management policies that target criminals. It analyzes the environment, influences management and executes the craved impact on crime.It works on a concept of all crime, all hazard which if implement properly can avail deal with common crimes, terrorism and natural calamities. It functions through the use of the distinct levels of intelligence which include tactical intelligence, operational intelligence and strategic intelligence. Tactical intelligence deals with a inclined need and locality, operational is concerned with identification of criminal trends and other security issues and looks at ways through which they can be addressed and strategic intelligence which deals with future plans for combating crime.Psychological criminal theory is one of the theories involved. ILP uses this theory to study peoples tendencies which enables them to identify criminals. Learning theory is also incorporated in ILP operations. It helps the officers involved to learn about the criminals behaviors and helps them come up with strategies to prevent reoccurrence of this behavior. This theory explains that behavior is learnt and maintained by its rewards and consequences. If they can be able to make consequences of criminal behaviors exceed rewards by ensuring heavy penalties for criminals, it may help scare some away and reduce crime rate.

This dead Butcher… is this a fair assumption of Macbeth?

I regard that Macbeth s not a dead butcher as you do see him pass water a sign of guilt when he murders characters in the book. Although he is a very inhalations man resulting in consequences both(prenominal) for him and people around him. In the play you see Macbeth influenced and persuaded by super-natural forces, like the three witches which you see at the arising of the book. This brings tabu the ambition in him and slowly turns him into a power ridden man. But at the wipeout he turns into the stanch soldier he was at the beginning of the book, before he meets the witches.In the commencement exercise act you see the loyal soldier, Macbeth meet the three witches just subsequently over powering the Thane of Cawdors army. This suddenly brings out the ambition in him as they say he will eventually be incur fairy. It says,All hail, Macbeth That shalt be superpower present after.Read this The Secrets of Haitis Living DeadThrough the act in the book the readers view of Macb eth changes completely. The character who entered the stage at the beginning is, in the eyes of the audience, completely incompatible person from the character at the end of the first act. He transforms from a good man, a loyal soldier honest to one who is prepared to extinguish to be king.Even before Macbeth himself appears on stage, he is discussed as a good man by the king and the kings eldest son Malcolm. They speak of Macbeth as a great soldier after his recent success in the battlefield, while in the value of the office. The big businessman then talks to Macbeth and tells him how the Thane of Cawdor was a loyal friend to him. It is a bit ironic as you see that Macbeth becomes Thane of Cawdor and then stabbed in the back by him.After this you see his ambitious side come out as he writes a letter to his wife saying he will be King. This brings the womans mephistophelean side out as she tries to take all the good in her and replace it with evil as she says, unsex me here, a nd fill me from head to the toe top-full of direst cruelty.After this the King says he will have dinner at Macbeths house which seems strange as it give them the perfect time to kill the King making a step closer to being King. That night they plan out to ill the King which they do but you see Macbeth arguing about not wanting to kill him. It says, First, as I am his kinsman and his subject. This means that he is my king and my guest and shouldnt kill him. Macbeth mucks the plan up though as he feels very guilty for what he has done. Fortunately his wife manages to make it seem that it was the guards fault as she had drugged them.Kind Duncans two children Donaldbain and Lennox are very curious about this and flee to England and Wales.Further on in the play he becomes more ambitious and wants to make sure he stays King doing anything to stay there. To this he knew he had to kill his loyal friend Banquo as when he met the witches they give tongue to he would be a farther to a line of Kings. So while he was at a party he hired murderers to kill him and his son for him so he would be king. The murders were unable to kill Banquos son but killed him. Later at the party Macbeth saw the vestige of Banquo at the party here he should have been sitting. No one else could see it as he was the only one that knew what had happened to him. The ghost is a sign of his guiltiness showing that he isnt a bad man after all. By this point Macbeths wife died because the evilness inside her gets the better of her.At the end of the play Macduff, one of King Duncans followers, has got an army together to try and gain power of the crown once again as he had enough of Macbeths evil ways. To the reader you see Macbeth turn back into the soldier he once was at the beginning of the book, ready to fight like a unbent and loyal soldier would. He fights Macduff who said just surrender but Macbeth says no I wish to fight you like a true soldier.Overall I believe that Macbeth is not a dead bu tcher as at the beginning at ending of the book he is a good and loyal soldier but ambition does get the better of him in the middle where he does want to become king. Not just knock down to him but his wife aswell. When he does kill people like the King and his loyal friend Banquo he always argues a case on why he should not kill them and then after he feel guilty for killing them by messing up plans or even seeing a ghost.

Chronic Disease In St Lucia Health And Social Care Essay

Chronic unhealthiness is a unsoundness of a long continuance and by and large s pocket-sized patterned advance ( WHO, 2010 ) . The U.S. National magnetic core for Health Statistics states that a degenerative affection is whiz perpetual 3 months or much(prenominal). These continuing diseases usu wholey tidy sum non be prevented by vaccinums or cured by medicine, nor do they merely disappear. Chronic diseases be foremanly ingestd by three major endanger factors tobacco us succession, wretched eating wonts and physical inaction. volume of these affect factors argon themselves worsened by hapless socioeconomic de bourneiners, such as deficiency of pedagogy and poorness. Most frequently these clinchers argon a indi enduret of the chief arrays driving societal, economic and heathen pass progress, including globalization, urbanisation and an ageing existences.Chronic diseases are shock absorbering macrocosm health as the epidemiological passage advancemen ts and are the bequeath cause of fatality rate worldwide and pose ontogenesis jobs for the reduce of disease and prize of animation in developed and growing states ( WHO, 2003 ) . Non catching diseases include a wide kitchen stove of conditions, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancerous neoplastic diseases, chronic respiratory disease, mental-health jobs and musculo- skeletal upsets. The first four menti superstard above history for active 50 % of mortality glob ally, and portion behavioral reckon factors, such as extra Calorie ingestion, provenders blue in double-dyed(a) and trans juicy acids, inordinate consumption of inebriant, physical inaction, and baccy kitty. Approximately 35 million people have died from hug disease, shot, malignant neoplastic disease and otherwise chronic diseases in the yr 2005. The loads of these diseases are any bit shared among bestow forces and adult womanishs, and are more prevailing in people chthonic the age 70 ( WHO, 2004 ) . 80 % of chronic disease sounds occur in minor and center(a) income states. interpret 1 Global distri neverthelession of entire deceases ( 58 million ) by cause in 2005.The age-specific decease rates surrounded by the oer-the-hill ages 2005 2015 are projected to fluctuate roughwhat, Nevertheless, the ageing populations willing ensue in an all overall summation in chronic disease decease rates for all ages combined. In 2005, all chronic diseases account for 72 % of the entire planetary load of disease in the population venerable 30 experienced ages and senior. The entire lost antiquated ages of effectual intent repayable to chronic diseases, as noticed by DALYs, are greater in grownups aged 30-59 older ages than for ages 60 old ages and older. more(prenominal) than 80 % of the load of chronic diseases occurs in people under the age of 70 old ages. circumvent 1 Projected planetary deceases and load of disease repayable to chronic disease by age 2005- 2015Deaths ( Million ) DALYs ( 1000000s ) Deaths per 10000 DALYs per 1000002005 2015 2005 2015 2005 2015 2005 20150-29 old ages 17 15 220 219 48 40 6320 599430-59 old ages 7 8 305 349 311 297 13304 1337560-69 7 8 101 125 1911 1695 27965 26396a?70 20 24 99 116 6467 6469 32457 31614All ages 35 41 725 808 549 577 11262 11380World Health Organization undertakings that, globally, NCD deceases will increase by 17 % over the following 10 old ages. The greatest addition of 27 % and 25 % some(prenominal)ly will be seen in the African discover and the Eastern Mediterranean part ( WHO, )1.2 signs of chronic diseases1.2.1Cardiovascular diseaseCardiovascular disease CVD is the term used by the scientific comm whole of measurementy to encompass non merely conditions of the press ischemic bosom disease ( IHD ) , valvular, muscular, and inborn bosom disease scarcely besides naughty parentage hug and conditions affecting the cerebral, carotid, and off-base circulation. The back of CVD i s related to to fare, physical activity, and positive coordinate ( ) . The abidances of nutrient supplies and of nutrient and nutrition that modify the endangerment of CVD are besides good known.Whereas CVD was nonpareil time or soly confined to senior high-income states, it is now the figure angiotensin converting enzyme cause of decease worldwide both bit good as in low- and middle-income states, where 80 per centum of the population s 13 million one-year CVD deceases occur. And at to the lowest degree 21 million old ages of disability-adjusted life old ages ( or DALYs, a step of future productive life ) are lost globally because of CVD each twelvemonth. The huge bulk of CVD can be attributed to conventional hazard factors such as baccy usage, high snag force per building block firmament, high shovel inslope glucose, lipid brachydactylouscies, fleshiness, and physical inaction.Cardiovascular diseases are major cause of chronic disease decease and were accounted for of 17 million deceases in 2002. It is estimated that by the twelvemonth 2030, 24 million will decease of CVD, of which 80 % will happen in low and in-between income states ( 5 ) .1.2.2 CancerCancer is a major and turning disease load worldwide. The figure of new malignant neoplastic disease instances is projected to increase from 10 million in 2000 to 15 million in 2020, 9 million of which would be in developing states. The epidemiology of malignant neoplastic disease in developing states clear differs from that in developed states in of import respects. While developed states frequently have comparatively high rates of lung, colorectal, chest of drawers, and prostate malignant neoplastic disease ( some of which is tied to tobacco usage, occupational carcinogens, and forage and life-style ) , up to 25 % of malignant neoplastic diseases in developing states is associated with chronic infections. Seven vitrines of malignant neoplastic diseases account for about 60 per centu m of all freshly diagnosed malignant neoplastic disease instances and malignant neoplastic disease deceases in developing states cervical, liver, tummy, esophageal, lung, colorectal, and chest.1.2.3 Respiratory DiseasesChronic grownup respiratory diseases-such as chronic impeding pneumonic disease ( COPD ) and asthma-are a major and turning load in soils of morbidity and mortality in the underdeveloped universe. COPD ( which includes emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and clogging air passages disease ) is mostly joined with coffin nail smoke every bit good as exposure to unvented coal-burning cookery ranges it accounts for 2 per centum of lost DALYs on a world-wide footing.1.2.4 Diabetes MellitusDiabetes affects people worldwide and is one of the oldest diseases known. there are 2 common casefuls of this disease type 1and type 2 diabetes. Type-1 diabetes histories for 5-10 % of all diagnosed diabetes. Type-2 diabetes is the most common signifier of diabetes. It accounts for 90-9 5 % of diagnosed diabetes.The World Health Organization ( WHO ) estimated the world-wide prevalence of diabetes in grownups to be around 173 million in 2002 and predicted that there will be at least 350 million people with Type 2 diabetes by 2030. At present about two-thirds of individuals with diabetes live in developing states and the bulk of new instances will arise from these countries. The planetary addition in the incidence of diabetes is related to high degrees of fleshiness associated with a alteration from traditional forages, decreasing degrees of physical activity, population ripening and increasing urbanisation.Diabetess Mellitus is the most prevailing signifier of diabetes on the planetary graduated table ( 6 ) . For the past fewer decennaries, Diabetes Mellitus has reached epidemic proportions in more separate of the universe. The World Health Organization ( WHO ) has predicted the planetary prevalence of all Diabetes will increase from 194 million in 2003 to 330 million in the twelvemonth 2030 ( 7 ) .1.2.5 High lineage extortAnother normally happening chronic disease is high tide rip air pressure. High derivation force per unit of measurement area increases the hazard of bosom disease and shot. Hypertension is sustained high lineage force per unit area ( a?140/90mmHg ) .Blood force per unit area itself is the force per unit area exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vass. Each clip the bosom beats ( about 60-70 clock a minute at remainder ) , it pumps blood into the arterias. Blood force per unit area is at its highest when the bosom beats, pumping the blood. This is called systolic blood force per unit area. When the bosom is at remainder, between beats, blood force per unit area falls. This is diastolic force per unit area. Blood force per unit area itself is non calumniatory it is inwrought as it is the force that drives blood through the blood vass to provide O and foods to the fundamental structure s variety meats and tissues and transport off godforsaken stuffs. However, when blood force per unit area becomes as well high it has detrimental effects on about everyportion of the constitutional structure and can shoot for to serious nausea and decease. Hypertension is an of import public wellness challenge worldwide because of its prevalence and its occasion as a hazard factor for cardiovascular disease. Some of the hazard factors of high blood pressure include fleshiness, intoxicant, household history, and smoke.There are two types of high blood pressure, viz. star(predicate)ry winding high blood pressure and secondary high blood pressure. Primary high blood pressure is more common, happening in 90-95 % of the high blood pressure population. There is no identifiable cause and it develops bit by bit over many a(prenominal) old ages. Secondary high blood pressure occurs in 5-10 % of the high blood pressure population. ( )In the twelvemonth 2000 it was estimated that the entire figure of g rownups with high blood pressure was 972 million. Of these, 333 million were estimated to be in developed states and 639 million in developing states ( 0 ) . Kearney PM et al. , predicted that by the twelvemonth 2025, the figure of people with high blood pressure will increase by about 60 % to a sum of 1.56 billion. ( Kearney PM et al. , 2005 ) the grounds are the go oning population addition and alterations in life style, which includes a diet high in sugar and high-fat processed nutrients and sedentarism.1.3 advert of chronic disease in the CaribbeanCaribbean states are in epidemiological passage, where non merely nutritionary lacks have well declined but infective diseases have besides been vanishing. However, over the last 30 old ages, nutrition-related chronic non-communicable diseases have idle emerged as the major public wellness jobs. Non-communicable diseases ( NCDs ) have bit by bit dis lay outd catching diseases in the Caribbean. Ratess of chronic non-communicable disea se such as diabetes, high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease and malignant neoplastic disease have been increasing in the Caribbean and are the taking cause of mortality and mobility in the part ( Ragoobirsinghet al. , 1995, 2002 Wilkset al. , 1998, 1999 Figueroaet al. , 1999 Rotimi et al. , 1999 Cruickshanket al. , 2001, Figueroa, 2001 Sargeantet al. , 2001 Henniset al. , 2002a, B Corbinet al. , 2004 Wolfeet al. , 2006 ) . Of concern is the fact that while the prevalence and mortality rates of these diseases are highest in the aged, they are non restricted to any one age group. An estimated 10 % to 20 % of the Caribbean population over 20 old ages of age suffers from diabetes and high blood pressure, severally, with prevalence more than duplicating at older ages ( Hennis et al. , 2002a, B ) . High blood pressure and diabetes rank as the two taking chronic upsets among Caribbean populations and are besides major hazard factors for other diseases such as cerebrovascular d isease ( shot ) and coronary bosom disease.Prevalence of chronic diseases in the Caribbean part over the base on balls 3 decennariesAnother dramatic epidemic among the Caribbean population is the high prevalence of sullen organic structure mass index ( BMI ) & gt 25 kilogram ma?2 and fleshiness ( BMI & gt 30 kg ma?2 ) . Approximately half of the grownup Caribbean population is fleshy and 25 % of big Caribbean adult females are corpulent ( Henry, 2004 ) . The intensifying tendency in fleshiness is considered to be a major causative factor in chronic disease prevalence in the part. The increasing fleshiness degrees, chiefly among adult females, possibly associated with the alterations in traditional diets and the acceptance of sedentary life styles. In some the islands more than half of big adult females are inform to be corpulent. Datas from Barbados highlights the richness of fleshiness as a hazard factor in chronic diseases. base on getable grounds, corpulent individuals, ( BMI & gt 30 ) of 40-79 old ages had a 2.6 times greater hazard of high blood pressure than individuals with BMI & lt 25, and corpulent adult females had 5.2 times the hazard of developing diabetes. It is estimated that cut downing fleshiness in the Barbadian population could cut down high blood pressure and diabetes by 30 % and 33 % severally.1.4 Impact of chronic disease in St. LuciaSt. Lucia has undergone a important demographic passage in the last 3 decennaries ( Wilks, et al. , 1998 ) . Some characteristics of this passage include the rise in the average age of the population from 20 old ages to 15 old ages between 1970 and 2010, the doubling of the proportion of individuals older than 60 old ages old from 5000 to over 17,000 and the addition in life anticipation at support from less than 50 old ages in 1950 to greater than 73 old ages in 2010 ( World population prospectus, 2008 ) . As a outgrowth, the chief causes of unwellness and decease in St. Lucia and many other Cari bbean islands and parts at a similar province of discipline are the chronic non-communicable diseases ( Sargeant et al. , 2001 ) . There is an change magnitude prevalence of diet-related chronic non-communicable diseases, such as cardio-vascular diseases, diabetes and fleshiness. ( Wilks et al. , 1998 ) . Between 1992-1999 in St. Lucia, preventable chronic diseases such as cardiovascular and circulative brasss accounted for 20.8 % of deceases, with the major causes being cerebrovascular disease, ischaemic bosom disease, and hypertensive disease. another(prenominal) major causes of decease were malignant neoplastic diseases ( 14.5 % ) , disease of the digestive trunk ( 8.7 % ) , and diabetes ( 7.2 % ) ( 8 ) . Approximately 1,304 deceases were collect to diseases of the circulatory system and was accounted for 33 % of all reported deceases, decease due to cerebrovascular was ( 35.9 % ) , hypertensive disease ( 14.8 % ) , and ischaemic bosom disease ( 13.6 % ) ( Health in Americ a, 1998 ) .There were 731 deceases due to cardiovascular disease from 1996 to 1999, accounting for 19 % of all deceases and 53 % of deceases ratio of 5.81. Most ( 21 or 62 % ) occurred in the 15-44 old ages age group, and had a male-female ratio of 9.51. Cardiac apprehension caused 268 cardiovascular deceases ( 37 % ) , ischaemic bosom disease 174 ( 24 % ) , pneumonic circulation and other signifiers of bosom disease 134 ( 18 % ) , and bosom failure 153 ( 21 % ) . Females accounted for 359 ( 49 % ) of deceases due to cardiovascular disease, and individuals 60 old ages of age or older accounted for 588 deceases ( 80 % ) . ( WHO statistics ) . Based on PAHO statistic St. Lucia is the 10th taking island in the Caribbean with high rates of non- catching chronic disease, accounting for about 63 % .Over the old ages prevalence of non catching diseases have been increasing, in a study done by the Kairi advisers limited in association with the national appraisal squad of St. Lucia cerebrat e the undermentioned findings for the twelvemonth 2005 to 2006 for the diffusion of chronic disease in St. Lucia. Irrespective of per capita ingestion quintile, high blood force per unit area was the most prevailing lifestyle disease impacting individuals with diseases in St. Lucia. In every quintile group, it besides sights that the prevalence of diabetes ranks second to high blood force per unit area as a life clip disease impacting individuals with diseases in St. Lucia. In each of the quintile groups, more than three fifths of the individuals with diseases reported enduring from high blood force per unit area while more than one one-fourth reported enduring from diabetes.In the twelvemonth 2007 diabetes and Hypertension were the two the most permeant and declining wellness jobs confronting the island of St Lucia. The diseases afflict a wide swath of people, immature and old.St. Lucia has a population of about 160,000 thousand people, and of this 28.1 % of the population have a bnormal blood glucose or high blood sugar and 8.1 % have diabetes ( Graven et al. , 2007 ) . 20 % of people over 40 old ages of age suffer with the disease ( the ministry of wellness 2007 ) . At least 35 % of those with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus do non cognize that they have the status ( The Ministry of Health, 2008 ) . In rural country of St. Lucia the proportion with undiagnosed diabetes is well higher ( St. Lucia Diabetic Society, 2008 ) . At the clip of diagnosing, every ten percent individual with diabetes has already developed one or more micro- or macro-vascular complications ( Ministry of Health, 2008 ) .Diabetess is among the taking cause of decease. If inadequately treated, diabetes can do sightlessness, kidney disease, nervus disease, amputations, bosom disease, and shot. Even painstaking and well-treated diabetics often suffer from these complications and have above-average medical costs.If observed, the Native St. Lucian has many barriers to wellness instruction, which f undamentally involves their civilization, life style, handiness and socio-economic stick. For case, St. Lucian is presently sing a crisis of poorness. Peoples from lower socioeconomic position have poorer wellness than those in higher socioeconomic places. Assorted surveies have reported the relationship between low socioeconomic position and the development of chronic disease ( ( Lynch et al, 2000 Stelmach et Al, 2009 Supriya et Al, 2009 ) .Recent poorness appraisals in St. Lucia estimation that 18.7 % of families and 25 % of the population live in poorness. Income inequality is high, with 26 % of the population characterized as chronically hapless ( MPDEH, 2003 ) . That same study estimated that a decennary subsequently in 2005/06 the poorness rate had increased to 28.8 % of the population ( Government of St. Lucia ( GOVST ) , The appraisal of Poverty volume1, 2006 ) .The highest poorness rates in2005/06 were in the territories of Anse La Raye/Canaries ( 44.9 % ) , Micoud ( 43 .6 % ) , Soufriere ( 42.5 % ) and Laborie ( 42.1 % ) . The poorness banquet and poorness badness besides occurred in these same territories ( GOVST, 2006 )Furthermore, because of poorness and life in rural countries, most people consume less expensive and frequently high fat nutrients, and less fruits and veggies ( Henchy et al, 2000 ) . Brown et Al, ( 2005 ) depict how socioeconomic place influences wellness among individuals with diabetes. Diabetes is twice more prevailing in low income populations compared to wealthy populations ( Stelmach W et Al 2009 ) . Some accounts for this increased hazard among people of low-income or resource-poor countries include increased emphasis, low entry to medical and preventative attention, and hapless environment.1.5 pabulum, nutrition and chronic diseasesThere are clear associations between the assorted biomedical and behavioral chronic disease hazard factors, and it is good established that diet quality and healthy supply patterns playf ulness an of import function in both preventing and pull offing chronic diseases and the factors that increase their hazard ( Kant A.K, 2004 ) . The links with nutrient and nutritionary position are particularly strong in the instance of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and their hazard factors ( metabolic syndrome, fleshiness, high blood pressure and lipemia ) . The nutrient we eat, in all cultural choice, defines one s wellness, growing and development. Hazard behaviors, peculiarly smoke and sedentarism, alter the consequence ( ) . All this takes topographical point in a societal, cultural, political and economic environment that can worsen the wellness of populations.Diet is a cardinal constituent in predisposing to chronic disease, chiefly where diet is energy dense doing despotic energy balance and fleshiness. Adoption of western diet which are high in fats, aminal protein, refined clamss and low in case, fruits and vegetable can farther increase one hazard of developing no of more chronic disease ( ) . Several surveies have demonstrated a prudent diet rich in fruits, veggies, fish and wholegrain to be associated with a diminution in chronic disease hazard such as diabetes ( Van Dam et al. , 2002 Anne-Helen Harding et al. , 2004 )CarbohydratesCarbohydrates nutrient beginning are the most of import beginning of Calories for the universe s population chiefly because of their low cost and spacious handiness ( ) . Although Carbohydrates is easy accessible and widely eaten saccharide is a cardinal dietetic constituent impacting insulin secernment and postprandial glycemia and is implicated in the etiology of many chronic diseases ( Brand-Miller JC et al. , 2004 ) . Both the measure and type of saccharide eaten have effects on insulin secernment and postprandial glycemia. Foods with a rich glycemic index ( or glycemic burden ) produce high rates in blood glucose.A Diets including big measures of high GL nutrients increase the hazard of diabetes, chest mal ignant neoplastic disease, colorectal malignant neoplastic disease, endometrial malignant neoplastic disease, and overall chronic disease ( Barclay AW et al. , 2008 ) .Dietary fibersEpidemiologic grounds has shown that nutrients rich in fiber aid glycaemic go for in diseases such as type 2 diabetic patients ( ) . A diet high in fiber helps in control blood sugar degrees in those with type 2 diabetes. It besides helps with colon wellness as the high fiber diet with smoothing the stool and facilitates to burden vent ( ) .FatsDietary fat is one of the most influential foods in wellness. Fats has many maps in the human organic structure, Equally good as to supplying more than twice the energy supplied by saccharides and proteins and providing indispensable fatty acids, fats slows digestion of saccharides in order to fuel the encephalon he fats serve as bearers for fat soluble vitamins ( A, D, E and K ) and as parts of cell membranes ( ) .The overconsumption of fat, chiefly saturated f at, has been linked to six of the 10 prima causes of decease worldwide ( ) .Coronary bosom disease and malignant neoplastic disease ( ) .There is a strong inter-group communication between dietetic fat ingestion and hazard of chronic diseases such as malignant neoplastic disease, such as colon, chest, prostate, and ovary malignant neoplastic disease ( ) . Several surveies over the past 30 old ages have verified the relationship of high dietetic fat intake with higher mortality due to assorted malignant neoplastic diseases ( ) . Some saturated fatty acids raise blood cholesterin degrees and, therefore, increase the hazard of coronary artery disease ( ) . High fat, consumption is a chief cause of fleshiness, high blood pressure, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and gall bladder disease ( ) .Surveies have show that states with higher per capita consumptions of fat, particularly coarse fat, have higher incidence rates of certain malignant neoplastic diseases, including chest, colon, prost ate, and pancreas. 41 Migrational surveies show that when persons move from a state of low fat consumption to one of high fat consumption, the hazard of some malignant neoplastic diseases increases 42 .AVitaminsVitamins are indispensable foods hey are required in teeny-weeny sums, but have of import and specific maps such as advancing growing, reproduction and the care of wellness. Nutritionally, they form a cohesive group of organic compounds that are required in the diet in precise sums ( mcgs or mgs per twenty-four hours ) for the care of normal wellness and metabolic unity. They are therefore differentiated from the indispensable minerals and hint elements ( which are inorganic ) and from indispensable amino and fatty acids, which are required in big sums.Vitamin lack nevertheless, may increase the hazard of chronic diseases ( ) . Suboptimal folic acid degrees, along with suboptimal degrees of vitamins B ( 6 ) and B ( 12 ) , are a hazard factor for cardiovascular disease, nervous tubing defects, and colon and chest malignant neoplastic disease ( ) and low degrees of the antioxidant vitamins ( vitamins A, E, and C ) may increase hazard for several chronic diseases. .Nutritional PassageThere are now about 350 million corpulent and more than 1 billion fleshy people in the universe, populating in both developed and developing states. Previously, developing states grappled with undernutrition. straightway many of these states like St. Lucia are in a transitional province and are covering with the copulate immoralities of under- and over nutrition. In the Caribbean states between the 1970s and 1990s, the prevalence of overweight/obesity increased from 7 % in work forces and 20 % in adult females in the 1970s to 22 % in work forces and 58 % in adult females ( Ragoobirsingh D et al. , 2004 ) .The planetary prevalence of fleshy amongst preschool kids is estimated at 3.3 % . Within the Caribbean part and St. Lucia has one of the highest incidences for this age group with St. Lucia holding 2.5 % of the 0-5 yr. population ( De Onis M et al. , October 2000 ) .Obesity in kids and striplings is known to hold important impact on both physical and psychosocial wellness, these surging rates of fleshiness rails to an addition in lipemia, high blood pressure, insulin opposition and unnatural glucose tolerance subsequently in life ( Reilly et al. , 2003 Weiss et al. , 2004 ) .Urbanization, industrialisation and transmutation social occasions have been the chief cause of this public wellness achievement. In modern civilizations, demographic factors interact with societal and economic factors and lead to alterations in the forms of wellness and diseases as hypothesized by Omran s epidemiological passage theory in the primaeval 1970s ( Orman et al. , 1971 ) . Omran s theory describes the altering form of mortality from the predominant catching diseases to the emerging non-communicable diseases. In his examine, Omran defined three phases of epi demiological passage, i.e. the age of plague and dearth , the age of withdrawing pandemics , and the age of degenerative and artificial diseases ( Orman et al. , 1971 ) .1.6 Dietary wonts of St. LuciansFood wonts reflect the plantation past the typical diet contains a batch of starches, carnal protein satisfy that varies by location, and until late, splendid in the manner of green veggies. Starches include assorted sorts of yams, taro, taro, bananas and plantains, Sweet murphies, manioc and genus Artocarpus communis. Most of these are boiled, served with some sort of boiled fish or meat, and accompanied by a sauce. Pepper ( pepper ) sauce is ever present at the tabular array, as most dishes are non prepared spicy hot. Animal protein beginnings reflect the historical scarceness of this component porc Rhine wines, hog give chase ( fresh and salted ) , chicken back, and saltfish, ( pod ) salted beef, fish ( tuna, winging fishing, ruddy center, barracuda, sharke, pilchards, doodl y-squat fish ) . Most of the dishes are prepared with fats such as coconut oil, lards, xanthous butter. Equally much as St. Lucia has a broad assortment of fruit they are merely eaten Fruits such as Mangifera indicas, aureate apple, papaia, Citrus paradisi, oranges, cherries, genus Anacardium occidentale, sugar apple ( love apple ) .Main dishes are accompanied by veggies such as, alligator pear, calaloo, genus Spinacia oleracea, tomatoes, okras, carrots, pigeon peas and lentils,Imported processed nutrients have been available for decennaries, but more late account for larger parts of many repasts. Foods such as pasta, rice,1.7 Cause for chronic non-communicable diseases in St. LuciaChronic diseases have legion hazard factors, which function at different degrees, from the most proximal ( i.e. biological ) , to the most distal ( i.e. structural ) . These hazard factors can be classified as modifiable and non-modifiable hazard factors . Modifiable determiners include factors that c an be altered, such as single and community influences, life and on the job conditions and socio-cultural factors, non-modifiable determiners include those factors that are beyond the control of the person, such as age, sex and familial factors.1.7.1 Biological factorsSome populations are susceptible to chronic disease because of familial cistrons. In a south Africa a tribal group Afrikanders have been found to hold familial hypercholesteremia, a rare familial upset, characterised by really high low-density lipoprotein, cholesterin and early cardiovascular disease. ( Steyn K et al.,1996 ) . Familial and lifestyle factors are considered to be the chief subscribers in doing type 2 diabetes ( ORahilly et al 2005 ) . The familial make-up of a individual is every bit indispensable to the development of the disease but a individual life style and environmental factors can lend significantly. Some of the major modify factors include fleshy, abdominal fleshiness and physical inaction an d to lesser extent intrauterine and early puerility factors ( Alberti et al, 2007 )1.7.2 Early life beginningThe clip between intrauterine growing and the development is the most vulnerable result in the life rhythm and topographic points major physiological, metabolic and psychological demand on the female parent to back up the growing and the development of the foetus ( Allen, 2001 ) . Good growing and development is certified on a sufficient supply of energy and foods. Under nutriment during gestation is linked with hapless gestation and neonatal results which can hold negative long term deductions for the baby such as a lessen in intelligence, growing upset, low unsusceptibility, increased morbidity, mortality and the development of a scope of diseases during maturity ( Rasmussen, 2001 )It is proposed that type 2 diabetes consequences from comparative intrauterine malnutrition and the latter leads to lifelong scheduling ( Baker et al 1986 ) . Children with low birth weight a re most likely to see growing restraint, whether due to intrauterine nutritionary limitation or familial sensitivity to low birth weight similar associations of low birth weight have been do for the development of diabetes ( Lindsay et al 2001 ) . Babies who are born low birth weight tend to turn extravagant after birth catch-up growing , frequently become fleshy as immature kids. They are most likely to develop high blood force per unit area and unnatural blood glucose degree early in life, which future increase their hazard of developing chronic diseases, such as bosom disease and diabetes ( Barkeret al. , 1997 ) . The prevalence of Low Birth Weight ( LBW ) is about 6 and 9 % in the Caribbean. The association between low birth weight and grownup disease makes pressing the concern of these high LBW prevalence rates in the Caribbean ( Henry 2000 ) .An under-nourishes kid is usually a smaller and shorter kid ( 0 ) Acrobatics is an indicant of long standing mal and under-nutriti on and is frequently accompanied by fat deposition, peculiarly around the abdominal subdivision when faced with nutrient in copiousness. Predisposing persons to fleshiness in maturity. ( )Similarly kids who are born to big female parent and are big for their gestational age are most likely to bring on insulin opposition and type 2 diabetes subsequently in life ( Bennett et al 2002 ) . In Jamaica kids shortness at birth and increased current weight are independent forecasters of insulin opposition ( Bennett et al 2002 ) .There is important sum of grounds, chiefly from developed states, that states intrauterine growing deceleration is connected with an increased hazard of coronary bosom disease, shot, diabetes and elevated blood force per unit area ( WHO, 2002 Godfrey et al. , 2000 Forse et al. , 2000 ) . It may be the form of growing, i.e. restricted foetal growing followed by really fast postpartum catch-up growing that is critical in the implicit in disease tracts. Likewise, bi g size at birth is besides associated with an increased hazard of diabetes and cardiovascular disease ( McCance DR et al. , 1996 Leon DA et al. , 1998 ) .Behavioural hazard factors ( lifestyle factors )Lifestyles play an of import function in finding chronic diseases and lifestyle alterations are likely to be obligated for a important proportion of their addition over clip.1.7.3 Poor dietNutrition is a major modifiable determiner of chronic diseases, with scientific grounds back uping the position that alterations in diet have effects on wellness result of a individual. Non-communicable diseases are linked to high ingestion of energy dense nutrients, made of carnal beginning and of nutrients processed or prepared with added fat, sugar and salt. ( )St. Lucia is undergoing rapid nutritionary passage ( Boyne, 2008 ) . There has been an addition of fast-food eating houses, and an increased in the ingestion of repasts high in fat, sugar, and salt and a decrease in the ingestion of cere als, grains, fruits, veggies, tubers, and leguminous plants ( Jacoby et al.,2008 ) . The increased ingestion of imported nutrients high in fat and Na has led to a diminution of the wellness position of people throughout the part, with an addition in wellness jobs such as fleshiness and diabetes ( Report from WHO, 2003 ) .1.7.4 Physical inactionPhysical inaction and sedentary life style is linked with increased degrees of fleshiness, chest malignant neoplastic disease, colon malignant neoplastic disease, osteoporosis, emphasis, anxiousness and depression ( Hardman et al. , 2001 Warburton et al. , 2001 ) , and one of the chief implicit in causes of mortality in the universe.1.7.5 SmokeSmoke of baccy is one of the most modifiable hazard factors and preventable causes of decease in the universe. The World Health Organization ( WHO ) attributes to about 4 million deceases a twelvemonth to tobacco usage. It has been responsible for 22 % of cardiovascular diseases in industrialised states , and for the huge bulk of some malignant neoplastic diseases and chronic respiratory diseases ( WHO, 2002 ) . It is projected by the 2030 smoke will kill one in six people globally, if the present tendencies persist. ( WHO, 2002 ) . This anticipation of decease will include about 7 million people in developing states ( Mackay, WHO 2002 ) Smoke has been linked with premature mortality amongst users, with cardiovascular disease ( i.e. shot and bosom onslaught ) doing most deceases and is closely followed by chronic lung diseases, such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema and lung malignant neoplastic disease.( Bjartveit et al. , 2005 ) .Alcohol maltreatment is deemed to be the beginning of 8 % -18 % of the entire load of disease in work forces and 2 % -4 % in adult females. The Rate of smoking in among work forces in St. Lucia is at its highest therefore addition the hazard of chronic diseases.1.8 Social determiners of wellnessThe societal determiners of wellness moderate implicit in c auses of wellness jobs which includes environmental factors, working position and lodging and life conditions and socio-cultural factors that have an consequence on the wellness of a population. These factors besides increase the hazard of an single developing non-communicable disease.1.8.1 Urbanization and globalizationUrbanization is a cardinal hazard factor in the development of non-communicable diseases epidemic, as the economic system grows and develops into a more modernised society and the populations easy migrate from rural to urban countries.In St. Lucia, the per centum of people populating in urban countries has increased from 43.3 % in 1996 to 47.5 % in 2001, ( ) . Surveies have shown that urbanization leads to dietetic alterations towards acceptance of the alleged western diet , which is high in carnal proteins, fat and sugar. ( 20 ) This is frequently accompanied by lifestyle alterations including intoxicant ingestion, coffin nail smoke and physical inaction increasin g the population s hazard for non-communicable diseases. ( 34 )1.8.2Environmental factors1..8.3 Obesogenic environmentThe function of the media plays a really important function in advertisement, selling and advancing the ingestion of high energy dense nutrients and fast nutrients mercantile establishments with big part sizes. In a survey to place major beginnings of nutritionary knowledge among urban Black South African adult females, found that telecast was the most extremely believable beginning of information. This influenced nutrient picks based on gustatory sensation, household penchants and price.35Other factors associated to hapless eating patterns include, easy entree to cheap unhealthy nutrients compared to the high monetary values of healthy nutrients.1.8.4 Structural environmental factorsStructural environmental factors include environmental factors that might move as an obstruction to take parting in physical activity, such as a deficiency of playing Fieldss, Parkss, proper pavements and exercising installations, every bit good as the being of offense and force on the streets.1.8.5 Socio-cultural factorsBeliefs and attitudes about organic structure image of some persons have been found to increase the hazard for developing non catching diseases. The whimsey that tenuity is associated with personal jobs and illness, particularly HIV and AIDS, seems to be a barrier to keeping normal organic structure weight in some persons ( ) . Attach toing beliefs about organic structure weight are socio-cultural factors related to nutrient consumption, which partially contributes to fleshiness in some persons. ( )1.9 The economic impact of chronic diseases in ST. LuciaChronic diseases have had and continue to hold a major economic impact on persons, households, and the wellness system in St.Lucia ( ) . Since chronic diseases affect the immature and people in their productive old ages, they cut down productive labor and gaining capacity at a family degree. Tre atment of chronic diseases puts much strain on the already overburdened wellness system, because of the extra resources required. The load is non merely on the wellness attention system but besides but besides indirectly causes loss of productiveness from the disable, absenteeism and early decease.RationaleChronic diseases such as bosom disease, malignant neoplastic disease and diabetes negatively affect the general wellness position and quality of life of persons, and there is an absence in the literature of surveies looking at the wellness position of individuals in St. Lucia with chronic non-communicable diseases. It is against this background that this survey was undertaken. This survey is designed to research and reexamine the association between diet, lifestyle and chronic non-communicable disease in St. Lucia.This comprehensive systematic reappraisal seeks to analyze the association between diet, lifestyle and hazard of chronic disease among St. Lucians.AimsTo analyse the for m of chronic disease hazard factor distribution in a well defined population in St. LuciaTo analyse or critically measure the 30 most normally nutrient eaten in St. LucianTo analyze dietetic forms, nutrient picks and wonts of St. LucianTo synthesise soft findings diet, lifestyle and chronic diseasesResearch QuestionThe Prevalence and incidence of chronic diseases is really high in St. Lucia and is the chief cause of decease in the island. Does St. Lucian diet and lifestyle contribute to additions figure of chronic diseases in the state?HypothesissNull hypothesisSt. Lucian diet and life style has no direct impact on the prevalence of chronic diseases in St. LuciaAlternate hypothesisSt. Lucia diet and life style has an impact on the prevalence of chronic diseaseChapter 22.0 Methodology.This research will be b?Ned on Necnd?ry informations collected from assorted reliable beginnings and used to bring forth new informations as a footing for analysing the life style and 30 most normally eaten nutrients in St. Lucia in relation to chronic diseases. This type of research will non affect human topic.The literature scarper scheme is described in a drumhead in Figure.The information was taken from journal articles and published bkN . By definition, secondary research describes information gathered through literature, publication, broadcast media, and other non-human beginnings.Literature hunt schemeFigure 1 Literature hunt scheme and survey designThe hunt, covered publications between the old ages 1985 to 2009. The undermentioned beginnings were included in the hunt procedure.Electronic library databasesTo increase the fullness of the research and cut down the ambiguity, cardinal words were used merely when mapped capable headers and the synonym finder were non available for a peculiar hunt database. Chronic disease was used as the chief hunt term and combined with extra footings deemed relevant to the cardinal inquiries. These extra footings were identified, nutrition , diet, lifestyle. Databases searched included the followers MEDLINE, PreMEDLINE, CINAHL ( Cumulative big businessman for Nursing and Allied Health Literature ) , CDSR ( Cochrane Database of Systematic revues ) , ACP Journal Club ( American College of Physicians Evidence BasedMedicine ) , CCTR ( Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials ) Health Star, PAIS ( Public Affairs Information Service ) , Proceedings First, macrocosm Index, Proquest Digital Dissertations, Science direct, Pub Med.Hand huntsA manus hunt of the International Journal of Chronic disease for the old ages 1985 to July 2009 was conducted. Mention lists from studies were manus searched for other eligible studies.InternetThe cyberspace hunt. foremost, involved utilizing the hunt engine, Google, with the footings Chronic disease and diet and either lifestyle , prevalence .To eliminate irrelevant sites, the research was limited to hunts utilizing predefined standards based on several ushers for happening depe ndable information from trusty beginnings on the Internet. Sites were eliminated if ( I ) they were clearly merely commercial ( two ) they did non look to be trusty or dependable beginnings ( i.e. personal home pages ) and/or ( three ) had small to no relevant information.Inclusion/exclusion standardsThe hunt was limited to English studies, which included columns, and theoretical reappraisals, PhD thesis and other grade plants, sum-ups of conferences, historical documents and book reappraisals. Letterss to the editor, columns were excluded. Documents selected for retrieval were assessed in a two-stage procedure. In the first phase, documents were selected based on reading of rubric and abstract. The 2nd phase involved reading of the full text of the articles selected, to set up the grade to which the paper satisfies inclusion/exclusion standards.Critical judgmentThe research worker used the QARI ( Qualitative Appraisal and Review Instrument ) critical assessment instrument from t he Joanna Briggs Institute System for the Unified Management, opinion and Review of Information bundle ( SUMARI ) ( see appendix 1 for difficult transcript ) .Data declinationData was extracted from documents utilizing the QARI informations extraction procedure which aggregated findings and seeked to classs and synthesis. Data was extracted manually utilizing the standardized informations extraction tool in QARI ( see Appendix 1 for difficult transcript of extraction tool ) and contained within the Joanna Briggs Institute System for the Unified Management, Assessment and Review the Information bundle ( SUMARI ) .Where meta-synthesis was possible, qualitative research findings were pooled utilizing the Qualitative Assessment and Review Instrument ( QARI ) . This procedure involved the collection of findings and categorized to bring forth a set of synthesized statements that represent such collection.