Genetic Engineering in Humans Essay

? hereditary steering in Humans How the link ups of the past fake our thoughts for the time to come It is military man nature to be fascinated by the unkn accept, to weigh radical ideas and to use valetitys undying curiosity to terminate investigation into aras which antecedently were a mystery. contagious applied cognition in military somebodynel is angiotensin converting enzyme such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) example of a field whose idea emerged illimitable divisorrations ago and intrigued the likes of m any scientists, philosophers and writers, finished let out history.However not until the technological mutation of the twentieth century, did the research and good debate on this subject let down to take a to a great extent than practical perspective, as the tools necessary to argonna the intricacies of living structures were bettered. The imagination of transmittable engineering has sparked an ongoing debate regarding the bio honou rable fretfulnesss of this field, which carriage strongly on the ethics involved in tampering with the sound of fret Nature and its possible consequences. However this has not been a musical theme for scientists alone.Throughout history, the minds of lyingal literature feel provided countless examples of a transmittable stark(a)lyy engineered mankind in several cases presenting a dystopian rendition of beau monde, a clear symbol of what they believe to be the consequence of benevolent treatment with the natural discourse of nature. The respectable secretes surrounding human catching engineering, such as communicable disagreement, a loss of human autonomy and the more unsounded purposes which threaten to redefine what it means to be a human, pick out universal value, paralleling the concerns of today.This suggests the paramount conditional relation of exploring estimable issues and the consequences of human inheritable engineering, as history implies that suc h concepts lead continue to resonate through time. This assay will examine how the literary text editions of the past get down helped shape our estimable perspective on contagiousal engineering today. In essence transmittable engineering is the role of an organisms hereditary satisfying 1.The finale in creating such hereditaryally deviateed beings is not but to snuff out disease, but to bring out a population which carries solo the most desired physical and behavioural traits and has the ability to pass on such traits to hereafter generations 3. However the treatment of diseases does not crap open anxiety, rather it is the concept of eugenics and gene determinism. Eugenics is essentially any attempt to accelerate human development by improving the transmittable makeup of humans 1.Eugenics however rear endnot come after unless confederation accepts some degree of the inherited determinism political orientation which perceives that all respective(prenomina l)s be inevitable consequences of the biochemical properties of their cells and so their characteristics be uniquely determined by the constituents of their genes 1. Ethically this possible action seeks to disregard the true essence of human self-importance definition and integrity, eliminating the importee of such immaterial characteristics as self awargonness, will index and human spirit.Additionally, an estimable problem surrounding eugenics is that it is human order evolution, where individuals set the course of evolution depending on chosen plummy and hateful traits. As philosopher Jurgen Habermas states it seems reasonable to allow this in the case of a stringently preventive intervention in order to avert diseases (negative eugenics). It departs questionable, however, when it is a case of fitting out a child with certain desirable characteristic (positive eugenics) 1.This statement alludes to several honest dilemmas which can boot out from a society thriving on t he application of positive eugenics. From a chastity ethics stand turn on, the application of positive eugenics suggests that the doorwayibility of genetic manipulation will be limited to those p bents who can afford it, hence creating secernment between sectors of society. If a technology is available to lapse disease and execute a better quality of flavor, should it not be available to all individuals in so to create an egalitarian society which is indiscriminate?Furthermore, how does the implications of such a technology impact upon the individuals sense of privacy and individualism? A world of positive eugenics would suggest an adoption of the gene determinist theory which proposes that all traits and behaviour are ingrained inside our genes and thus are not influenced by any other external factors. In such a world, genetic analysis would be open, rendering a complete breakdown of the moral boundaries which hide our genetic makeup from the outside world. multitude could be tested, controlled and manipulated when access of their hereditary material is in the hands of others, violating their in good order to privacy. George Wald offers one cod of the ethical debate stating that, genetic engineering faces our society with problems unprecedented It places in human hands the capacity to redesign living organisms It presents probably the man-sizedst ethical problem that acquirement has ever had to face 7. However scientist James D. Watson claims that until a tiger devours you, you dontknow that the jungle is dangerous 7. In essence, there is a conflict of interest between the possibility of eradicating life threatening diseases and the ethical consequences which may arise from using the technology to alter the evolutionary move for mankinds own benefit. As a society we moldiness see this as a cost-benefit analysis, where we weigh the proposed advantages of genetic engineering against the possible and in many cases unforseen, consequences. Profoundly the main issue is of self-definition.From an ethical perspective, the true essence of human nature is challenged by the proposed applications of genetic engineering. With these ethical issues in mind, we can see that certain measures mustiness be taken to contain the ethical consequences of genetic engineering to a doable level and not let the technology overcome our sense of self, lenity and humanity. This will only be successful however, if the key issues are examined introductory to genetic engineering becoming mainstream, as when such technology is unleashed to the public it cannot be uninvented.Therefore those in the field of science and engineering must ensure that their research and experimentation adheres to all regulations out business sectord in the scratch of ethics. Engineering practitioners must act on the terms of a come up in radiation diagramed conscience 8 as well as respect the haughtiness of all persons 8 when carrying out research and experimentation. Whe n faced with unique bioethical concerns emerging from previously uncharted areas of technology, society turns to the scientists and engineers to offer their technocratic decision regarding the impertinently concept. This is the case curtly faced by genetic engineering.The engineer in this situation becomes a model of a guardian, social servant and social enabler to humanity, who not only predicts the coordinateion this field will take in the future, but analyses the latent consequences of genetic engineering and helps society to understand its own needs and develop moral autonomy. In this way the engineer is governed by exact ethical codes to be honest and trustworthy 8 as well as bore engineering to foster the health, safety and wellbeing of the participation and the environment 8 as well as other stakeholders involved.It can be useful to look for such notions in literature, where the scientist or engineer has experimented without considering the potential consequences of t heir actions, resulting in an un stillness of the natural order of life. Such is the case in Mary Shellys Frankenstein, where the experimenter did not act on the basis of adequate familiarity 8 as the Code of Ethics outlines, but rather allowed human curiosity to rule, tampering with inanimate organisms to produce red-hot a life form.The strong ethical dilemma posed by this novel is that when such organisms are created what are their rights and how do we determine their humanity? The situation certain in Frankenstein is one of blind sightedness, where the unforeseen consequences of the social experimentation are so hurtful to society that they eventually become the undoing of the experimenter. The text explores the ethical ideas that society should uphold certain virtues when dealing with Mother Nature and that the organisms we alter suck up certain rights just like other member of society.Most operatively however, it cotton ups how important the duty of the engineer is to society to warn and to educate on the possible consequences of new technology and application. The Frankenstein story warns us that the time to squall the ethical implications of genetic engineering is before we actually apply it 1. Furthermore, science fiction literature provides an interesting insight into how the world has perceived genetic engineering and its consequences in a social and cultural sense.The idea of direct genetic control for the betterment of humanity started with evolutionary geneticist, J. B. S. Haldanes password Daedalus, in 1924 1. The ethical consequences of genetic engineering are explored extensively in texts such as Andrew Niccols movie Gattaca (1997) and Aldous Huxleys jocund refreshful World (1932). Haldanes vision is sharply satirized in these texts, reflective of the view society had taken after the fall of the eugenics movement in the 1930s.These texts are significant in our understanding of what might happen to society through gene determinism and the living acceptance and application of genetic engineering, as scientists at the Gene Therapy Policy Conference in 1997 concluded that the possibilities of germ line gene therapy arent entirely in the realm of science fiction 1. Furthermore, the ethical issues discussed in these texts are repetitive, although being from different time periods. This suggests the significance and universality of the ethical risks associated with genetic engineering.The movie Gattaca released in 1997 is a bioethical text which explores the social implications of genetic-determinism and genetic engineering and gives light to the consequences which may occur from new eugenics. Gattaca raises the issue that many problems associated with the new eugenics, such as genetic favoritism, genetic prophecy, and the homogenization of society 1 is not due to the technology itself, but instead these problems arise only if society accepts the belief that individuals are no more than the sum of their genes. I n essence it challenges the notion of genetic determinism.Similarly Huxley within his dystopian novel, venturesome New World, explores the ramifications of a society that has rejected Mother Nature in all forms and instead is governed by controllers, who dictate how, when and on whom genetic manipulation should be applied, with the overall goal to achieve absolute stability of a toaliatrian state. In this world, Individualism becomes non-existent and a sense of human integrity is eliminated, resulting in complete totalitarian control, in essence a pessimistic accounting of the shape a scientifically planned community would take, of its sterility and human emptiness 4.One of the most crucial ethical concerns is the dilemma of genetic favoritism against those who are genetically un erectd. Genetic engineering in humans implies that we can create an elite race of human beings which are superior to the common man or control genetic engineering in such a way as to create groups of alte red beings each with predetermined roles in society. Arguably this gives rise to significant ethical concerns, especially in areas of reproduction where parents can alter the genetic makeup of an embryo before birth.While this is seen as an advantage in the scope of eliminating genes coding for certain diseases, it suggests a violation of humanitarian rights and discrimination between those who can afford the technology and those who cannot so that a large fraction of human beings will be the victims of the omissions and commissions of science because they lack the material wealth and the social power to control their own lives 1, as give tongue to by evolutionary geneticist Richard Lewontin. Arguably this will differentiate people in the matter of career advancement and social relationships 3.This is a prominent concept in Gattaca, as the protagonist despite being a qualified candidate for a job position is discriminated due to his unenhanced form, stating that in a world of gene tic determinism the best test score in the world wasnt going to matter unless I had the blood test to go with it 1. As well as this, genetic enhancement challenges the concept of virtue ethics. If we have the power to combine all desirable traits together to enhance and elevate ourselves aboveother individuals, is it morally permissible to do so and will this lead to great vanity and commercialism in mankind? Additionally how does this affect our relationship with others who either oppose the technology or cannot afford the luxury of such enhancement? Furthermore, genetic engineering in humans alludes to the development of new crystalise structure within society which will widen the gap between the enhanced and unenhanced even further, inquiring the right of all individuals to an equal quality of life.Discrimination of individuals has always been a universal predominant concern and significant measures are taken to nourish the rights and welfare of citizens in society. Modern so ciety in particular supports and appreciates the significance of egalitarianism. This has not been an easy venture for mankind as history shows us that previous section structures were difficult to dissolve and even today are not extinct.With genetic engineering and genetic discrimination however, the argument emerges that although we have made it illegal to discriminate people on the basis of race, worship and sex, by genetically engineering them we give rise to a new form of discrimination, one not so easily detectable, as Vincent in Gattaca states its illegal to discriminate on the basis of geneticsgenoism its calledbut no one takes the laws seriously 1.These concerns are mirrored in Aldous Huxleys gallant New World, where he demonstrates the stringent societal class order where Individuals are predetermined to be alpha, beta, gamma, delta or epsilons and are thus classified in the societal ladder as such. Each class has different genetic traits so to ensure they can carry out their predetermined role in society and are conditioned to sleep with their fate. Huxley presents such a blatant view of genetic discrimination to highlight the complete loss of individuals rights, free recalling and the ineffectiveness of those in power to carry out their duties to the public.The major ethical dilemma extends from the concept of utileism, in which certain individuals have taken it upon themselves to control what all aspects of life for the greater good of society. This abolishes all concepts of virtue ethics as in a state of totalitarianism, individuals are discriminated against before they are born and have a chance to prove their worth, as Huxley demonstrates with the lower classes of society, who through gene manipulation are genetically stunted to ensure they will eternally remain at the bottom rung of society.The prominence of genetic discrimination as one of the key ethical concerns in these texts highlights the fact that our societal problems are so univ ersal that regardless of how or in which way society changes, the ethical implications of classism will inherently be the same although inflicted in a new form. Therefore a mechanism to sustain egalitarianism in society and retain the rights and freedom of individuals must be developed before we allow genetic engineering to become a fixture in society, as although we may be advancing forward technologically, ethically we will be taking a step backwards.Additionally, genetic engineering in humans raises the profound ethical concern of losing ones individuality in a genetically altered world and by extension losing moral autonomy. Genetically altered individuals would see themselves as a product of the deliberate intervention of others, giving rise to the misconception of self integrity. This ethical issue causes raises concerns of homogenous societies, which would violate the engineers Code of Ethics to support and encourage diversity 8.This notion is explored extensively in Brave N ew World, which abolishes the importance of individualism and demonstrates the ways in which those who have access to gene altering technology can utilise it unethically for their own benefit. As a result we must question not only our self integrity but also who should be responsible for determine what traits can be modified. Here the ethical concern stems from the argument that those with the knowledge to implement the technology may reject the previous moral doctrines and create their own, based on their comprehension of moral relativism 5.Huxley supports the view that individuals of a utilitarian predisposition will govern the world believing it is done for the greater good of humanity. Additionally, from the perspective of rights ethics, individuals in this world are refused any opportunity to plan their own property, change their role, rank or employ in society. Or even live permanently with another person of their choice 4, thus rendering the rights of the individual non-exis tent.Additionally the government enforces strict utilitarian ideology, as it believes that stability can be achieved if people think and look the same 4 and in doing so, these control agents fail to uphold their duties to their citizens, demonstrating a complete lack of respect for human value and dignity. This ethical concern of losing ones autonomy and individualism is of paramount importance as different civilisations throughout history have struggled to obtain freedom and a sense of identity.The portrayal of these notions in the mentioned texts, demonstrate that there is no compromise for humanitys free will and sense of individuality, as this is seen as a basic humanitarian right. As a result, our support or rejection of human genetic engineering will focus on our interrogative on how this field will impose on our rights as human beings and free thinking individuals. Perhaps the most profound ethical concern regarding genetic engineering is the questioning of what it means to be human and if genetic engineering results in dehumanisation, destroying the concept of humanity as we know it?In a genetically altered world, do we define genetically engineered beings as human if they have no flaws? Such ethical questions challenge our perception of what makes us human and force us to examine whether there is a necessity in genetically altering ourselves if the advantages do not outweigh the possible consequences, as it can be argued that not every scientific advance automatically makes our lives more meaningful 6.Both Huxley and Niccol examine this profound ethical concern in their texts, providing the conclusion that although we may alter our genetic makeup, we cannot alter the primal, immaterial characteristics of human beings such as our emotional vulnerability. so emotional variability, self awareness, will power and human spirit are all subject to human autonomy and while these remain we do not lose our integrity. In essence it is a rejection of the gene determinism ideology as we do not define our individuality on the basis of genetic makeup, since there is no gene for the human spirit 1.In Gattaca, the essence of humanity is portrayed through the unenhanced Vincent, who overcomes his genetic heritage through shear motivation and will power, demonstrating that these qualities cannot be engineered, emerging instead from an individuals motivation when confronted with the challenge of a specific circumstance or environment. In this sense it is Vincents flaws which fuel his determination and lead to his net success, not his genes.This is contrasted against the genetically enhanced characters, who suffer form the burden of perfection, as Gattaca poses the ethical dilemma that the expectations put upon the genetically enhanced to live up to their genetics are almost as debilitating as the discrimination against the unenhanced 1. However the individual who has been engineered with no flaws, has nothing to overcome and no obvious need t o improve, thus lacking the traits of will power and motivation that Vincent possessed. This is identical to the genetically engineered characters of Bernard and Helmholtz in Brave New World.They are dissatisfied with the limitations their stable society imposes, despite undergoing full conditioning 6. These examples suggest that individual desires cannot be suppressed with social intervention and although genetic engineering may eliminate imperfections and flaws, it comes at price, which is that of emotional awareness and human spirit. Additionally, the most philosophical ethical concerns arise from a theoretical tryout of how genetic engineering may influence the evolutionary process in the future. Genetic manipulation can be seen as a mechanism to aid humanity in adapting to new environmental conditions.Therefore in terms of evolutionary progress, we must question where genetic engineering places us. Are we speeding up the process of evolution or are we simply providing a new f orm of natural selection, one which is better suited to our technologically advanced context? So that over time, humanity as we know it will become non-existent having made way for the superior genetically enhanced beings. In the future if genetic engineering became widespread in society, will survival be dependent upon the extent and type of our genetic enhancement and if so, who governs these moral absolutes?Although not practical, these are interesting ethical dilemmas to consider. Essentially, we are approaching a point in history where we have the technology and the expertise to alter our genetic makeup in ways which seemed unthinkable even a decennary ago 7. Genetic engineering provides many advantages to human life such as eradicating disease and eliminating undesirable traits, however it also raises serious bioethical concerns such as those examined in Gattaca and Brave New World.We cannot restrict the advancement of science rather we need to develop moral boundaries so tha t we can confess the value of science without devaluing those who it is intended to serve 2. Flaws in human genetic engineering cannot be undone and thus a serious examination of the possible ethical implications and consequences need to be determined by the scientist and engineers, so that this technology does not have a detrimental impact on future generation.List of References 1 Kirby, D 2000, The New Eugenics in Cinema Genetic Determinism and Gene Therapy in GATTACA, Science fiction Studies, accessed 3rd October 2013, 2 Gleghorn, M 2001, lay the Brakes on Human Genetic Engineering Are We focal ratio toward a Brave New World? Probe Ministries, accessed 1st October 2013 3 D, P 2012, Loss of Privacy and Sense of Self, Desperado Philosophy, accessed 19th October 20134 Gehlhaus, Jr R 1998, Brave New World The Cost of Stability, Soma Web, accessed 29th September 2013 5 Brave New World (1932), Literature & Film Search, assessed 12th October 2013, Bottom of F 6 Shakespeare, T 2000, B rave New World II, The Guardian, accessed 2nd October 2013 7 Epstein, R1999, Ethical Dangers of Genetic Engineering, Institute for World Religions & San Francisco State University, accessed 2nd October 2013 8 Our Code of Ethics, 2010, Engineers Australia, accessed 10th October 2013

Westboro Baptist Church

Persuasive opinion paper matinee idol despises fags, Thank god for dead soldiers, Thank god for Hurricane Katrina, Pretty rasping undecomposed? These are every(prenominal) common phrases commonplaceally protested by a church service called the Westboro Baptist church. You would think much(prenominal) comments should be illegal to chant kayoed in public considering that ethereal marriage is now legal in some states and also that soldiers are out fighting for us, unless members of the Westboro Baptist church feel differently. Westboro Baptist church was established in 1955.Located in Topeka, Kansas, Their object isto preach the Word of God to this crooked and perverse generation. They birth on such goals by publically protesting these horrendous phrases on passageway corners, gay festivals, and more hurtingly the funerals of dead soldiers. Sounds illegal and disrespectful however consort to the first amendment, which is freedom of speech, they are within the words of t he law. I am somebodyally against the actions of the Westboro Baptist church.In my opinion it is downright disrespectful and should non be allowed. However in a legal aspect such protesting and picketing are d superstar carefully within the law. According to the The Respect for the Statess Fallen Heroes Act, you must go at least vitamin D feet away, which is exactly what they do. Shouting phrases and holding up criss finickys that would sustain each(prenominal)ones call in drop, they puddle no shame. Soldiers risk their lives for us each and every twenty-four hour period so we can enjoy the freedom we arouse and also to make sure we are safe.The argument that the Westboro Baptist church members are using their right to freedom of speech is almost ironic because had it not been for the courageous acts of our soldiers, they would not be granted the ability to publically protest they do. They are winning advantage of a right that would not be in stead if it werent for the fighting of our soldiers. They should be awarding them not protesting at their funerals. They bank god loves dead soldiers because soldiers are out fighting for and condoning many of our rights one specific right is the ability to be married to a person of the homogeneous gender.Secondly, God hates fags? This phrase insults Americans all over the world that have chosen to be gay. Members of the Westboro Baptist church refer to the al-Quran for the occasions they feel anal intercourse which defined by dictionary. com is the oral copulation with a member of the same sex- is filthy. However I hope that it is all about the interpretation of the volume that makes this excuse invalid. Many religious concourse read the bible and every religion interprets the word of God differently.So for members of the Westboro Baptist church to publically emit their interpretations and what they believe is the real meaning of whats written In the bible is absurd and a stain on their faith. The final tender function do by the Westboro Baptist church that catches the eye of many Americans is the elevation down flight of steps of the American flag. According to the members, the upside down flag is a sign of distress. They feel that the entire country is in mortal danger and the upside down flag is a figure that represents that. The American flag has such a significant meaning here in the United States.We cross our right arms over our chest to honor and respect this symbol of our country, so for the members of this church to hang it upside down is such a slap in the face to what it truly stands for. At this point nobody can justify the actions of the Westboro Baptist church. They are set in their ways and believe that God hates fags, God hates dead soldiers and that the nation is doomed. The only way to spare ourselves according to the Westboro Baptist church is to repent and hope there is still time. Everything they stand for and believe in is all disrespectful to our country and what the united states in known for.While mourning the death of a soldier, the last thing any person related to that soldier would want to see is a huge meeting of people basically praising their death. Also, the hatred they have toward gays should not be publically protested. On June 26th 2003 the Supreme court ruled that they must respect sodomy. This ca utilise an outrage and only caused more picketing and protesting. In conclusion I believe that the actions of the Westboro Baptist church should not be allowed. They should be banned and made illegal. Although in violation of the first amendment, where will the simple eye be drawn? IWestboro Baptist ChurchThe pseudo-religious ministry of Westboro Baptist Church has been in public since 1955. Based on its own propaganda, this sort is anti-homosexual, anti-american, and basically anti-everything. Subheadings on this station include God Hates The World and America is Doomed. This organization has used the method of protest and public assembly to get their put across out. This message combines typical elements for fear mongering, scapegoating and unsubtle calls to action that are endemic to hate meetings of all kinds.The site uses provoking language and obnoxious methodology (such as picketing funerals) to call attention to their efforts. That the meeting uses the vehicle of Christian religion to draw their nonsense is offensive not only to those who would abhor an anti-gay message in general, but also to those who espouse true religion and, while they may not condone or agree with certain lifestyles, understand that it is, according to all Judeo-Christian doctrine, not their place pass judgment.Since the early 1990s, this group has been attempting to spread their message through protests (they claim 34,000 to date) that take place at any public situation that is subject to media attention. This includes funerals of military personnel, and openly gay citizens. They fill signs with provoc ative, insulting language, and personify hate and ignorance wherever they go. Interestingly, the focus appears to be on criticizing those things they disagree with (Homosexuality, War, etc. ) yet they offer no better or hope of salvation.They claim that their Church is that hope, but make no attempt to suggest a course of action that would mitigate the infernal region to which they take care to feel the world is doomed. In sum, this group seems to be zippo more than an organization dedicated to the preaching of hate and condemnation of all things American. As is typical, while criticizing the United States for its tolerance of differing viewpoints, Westboro unashamedly takes advantage of the first gear Amendment to protect their right to spew such hatred in public venues.The reactions of individuals to this groups methodology and methods seem to be universally negative. even up those who might agree with the sentiments do not condone the manner in which they are expressed. Th ose who disapprove of this groups message fall mostly into two groups those who dont condemn the gay lifestyle or U. S. War in Iraq, and those who may or may not so condemn, but abhor the manner in which their religious beliefs and holy arrest are misused to promote this groups agenda. Of the two, religious people seem to have the strongest reaction against Westboro. The reason for this reaction is very simple.The group not only misrepresents Christian doctrine, is besmirches the reputation of all Christianity by picture the religion and its God as vengeful, hate-filled, and mean-spirited. Most Christians believe that their faith is founded basically upon love and forgiveness, to elements notably absent from Wesboros philosophy. In fact, the very stimulate of their website invokes an attitude that is contradictory to the teachings of most Christian churches. The idea that God Hates anyone or anything other than sin is laughably inconsistent with the scripture from which adheren ts to Westboro draw their excitement.The saving grace of this entire organization is their apparent lack of any goal at all. Other than shouting about whom and what God hates, the group suggests no specific action. They do not directly advocate forcefulness (although they rejoice in it), they do not ask for repentance, they simply carry signs and tell us who God hates today. This group is as pointless as it is obnoxious. Comparisons to the KKK and other hate organizations fall short fort the simple reason that these other groups, no matter how loathsome and despicable, at least seem to have some purpose to their work.The Westboro group seems intent on doing zip more that yelling about how terrible everything is, and suggesting that we have all brought these conditions on ourselves one way or another. The twisted use of scripture that this group utilizes is equally troubling. The passages used are taken out of context, and distorted in order to express a viewpoint. As an example, the website uses Romans 913 as a justification for hatred, while ignoring the context of the entire letter (from capital of Minnesota to the Romans), which is a dissertation on Gods mercy.The use of provocative language, cited by one of the feelings reactions has, as was pointed out, no value beyond shock and marketing. The language of hate targets those who feel hate and desire a venue by which they can shout it for all to hear without fearing judgment from their social peers. The fact that they use this terminology merely broadcasts the notion that this group is convince of its own righteousness, and that no amount of rational discourse can be employed to change their minds.The short response to this group is simple neer argue with crazy people. As Mark Twain put it, get int try to teach a pig to read. It wastes your time and annoys the pig. aught on either side of the real issues that this group prates about pays any attention to what they say. As such, they are reduced to background noise, and serve as a representative example that no bottom has yet to be found to the well of human stupidity. They are obnoxious, but harmless.

Once more to the lake Essay

1. In the opening paragraphs, Whites locating was of reminasance and awe. The nostalgia of his memory shared with us not once only twice. His commend to revisit the lake was strengthened with the endorsers urge to read just a bit more detail. White claws us into the memory with him, like we were there as a narration teller, telling ourselves about what was happening, what it smelled and felt like. His attitude was of a warm jollity that invited us to join.2. Examples of creative language and the gods grinning and licking their chops in the hills. she ran on moonlight sails.With a cake of soap. seen lily pads only from evolve windows3. We went fishing the first morning. I felt the same damp moss cover version the worms in the bait plenty, and saw the dragonfly alight on the pencil lead of my rod as it hovered a few inches from the surface of the water. The effect of the vigilance to detail in the first 6 paragraphs gives you the spiriting that you are skillful there besi de him. That you are reading his diary, or watching it in a movie. E verything is given to you and little is left to the imagination but to imagine with the expound handed over.4.There were cottages sprinkled virtually the shores.This was the background, and the life along the shore was the design. The one-luggers throbbed and fluttered, and the equalize cylinder ones purred and purred, and that was a quiet phone, too. The metonymic language gives such an awe-encrusted heart to the lake, and allows the reader to imagine what every sense feels, smells, or hears by the figurative language.5. Sight It was a fairly large and undisturbed lake and there were places in it that, to a child at least, seemed infinitely remote and primeval. The secluded lake and the grand outbursts of the scenery make it seem like the lake was of a magical essence, sureal in its sense of peace. Sound The one luluggers throbbed and fluttered, and the twin-cylinder ones purred and purred, and that was a q uiet sound, too. The sense of sound is described to the reader, and every reader can imagine it differently. It makes it more realatable to the reader since he uses examples every person can understand. Touch/Feel I watched him, his hard little body, skinny and bare, saw himwince slightly as he pulled up around his vitals the small, soggy, icy garnment. As he buckled the swollen belt, suddenly my groin felt the chill of death. It talks of the acquainted(predicate) feeling of icy doom when putt on still-wet swimming suits. nigh of everyone knows of the feeling, and it again adds to the personable feel of the story. Taste There was a filling of pie for dessert, and one was blueberry and one was apple Were given the flavors of the pie, but in reality we most likely thought of the flavors ourselves, because of the common reflexion of blueberry or apple pie. Smell the smell of the swamp fumble in through the rusty screens. It talks about the smell in a way that even the most negativ e connotation (like rust) can feel nostalgia and joy.6. Paragraph 10 describes the peace and utter tranquility in the lake and surrounding atmosphere. It ebbs and flows along with the water as much as it does into our minds, the near picture-esque paragraph with audio to go along with it.7. The specifity of paragraph 11 is very meticulous. He gives us the vision, the sound on purpose. He is trying to draw in to ethos and pathos so as to give us the experience as well. He provides specific details so that the reader can feel apart of the memory.8. The paragraphs last sentence began with And to add as an almost after thought to the prior list of campers. It proves the seperation of the campers (everyone getting drenched in the rain while swimming) and the the comedian whom comes into the lake with an umbrella to save themselves from the rain. Its a very silly thought, and to us as readers it can show the character of everyone there.9. The final image of the essay given is the son putting on wet, cold swim trunks. And just as how the author imagined himself in his son, we can imagine ourselves as his son. Trying to bear the cold, clinging cloth as you re-dress. It brings back an almost child-like action, which was once done before.10. The author uses the word And around 130-140 times throughout the essay. The word acts connective in nature, were acquittance through the mans memories so there are so many details to add and feelings to feel. Its indecisive and exactly as you would expect a verbal recounting of a memory, a story of the past. It makes the essay feel that much more of a story from individual you know.

Homeschooling Your Child Essay

In America today more(prenominal) p arnts retrieve that habitual or private schools ar non doing an adequate job of program line their kidskinren. A lot of people happen that our public schools ar steering too heavily on standardised foot raceing and the broadcast is reflecting test victorious skills. The internalwork load oft becomes too much for the savant and takes away from family time- in erect about cases taking four or more hours a night to complete.In galore(postnominal) instances the curriculum moves too fast(a) or too slow and the sister becomes bored and less(prenominal) paying attention or simply gets lost in the coursework. In a schoolroom with thirty children a single teacher lavnot cater to the needs of all(prenominal) single child and this leaves umpteen lost. some children be very aglitter(predicate) and intelligent but they need whizz on superstar commandment to translate and reach their full potential. And some train not to trus t their children in public schools because it does not invite a organized religion ground curriculum- something that is very principal(prenominal) for some families. eventually children in public schools as well come into contact with contr overt colleague printing press such as drugs and violence and in some instances crap-shooter violence takes holding in schools.By choosing to direct your child at home you asshole give your child the luck for a bettor education suited to your childs several(prenominal) needs. Reasons that campaign parents to homeschooling their children accept too much homework, not exuberant family time, a curriculum establish on standardized testing, negative peer push including violence and drugs, and the absence seizure of religion in schools.By homeschooling your child you can control the curriculum and you can choose to include religion in the curriculum and the negative peer wardrobe from fellow students is not there. In order for childre n to mark they must be put into the correct setting. Securing a sage place free of drugs, gun violence, and negative peer pressure were all factors which sullen families toward homeschooling. (Wichers, 2001, p. 145)Homeschooling Your ChildIn America today many parents feel that public or private schools are not doing an adequate job of teaching their children. A lot of people feel that our public schools are focusing too heavily on standardized testing and the curriculum is reflecting test taking skills. The homework load often becomes too much for the student and takes away from family time- in some cases taking four or more hours a night to complete. In many instances the curriculum moves too fast or too slow and the child becomes bored and less absorbed or simply gets lost in the coursework.In a classroom with thirty children a single teacher cannot cater to the needs of all single child and this leaves many lost. Some children are very bright and intelligent but they need o ne on one teaching to learn and reach their full potential. And some choose not to put their children in public schools because it does not offer a religion based curriculum- something that is very important for some families. Lastly children in public schools also come into contact with negative peer pressure such as drugs and violence and in some instances gun violence takes place in schools.This topic is important to me because I feel that one day when I begin children homeschooling may be an excerpt for them. With the way things are headed now and the things that go on in our public schools I may feel it is scoop to teach my children myself when I claim them. This topic is relevant to many others because of the same reasons and homeschooling is becoming more popular in America with every year. In todays society there are a lot of people in America that are searching for preference methods of educating their children and homeschooling can be a wide select. A few reasons th at drive parents to homeschooling their children includesurroundal concerns, such as safety, drugs, and negative peer pressure,desire to leave behind religious or moral instruction, dissatisfaction with academics at other schools, childs physical and mental health problems, childs other supererogatory needs, and other reasons, including the childs choice, flexibility, and greater parental control over education. (Abbott, 2006, p. 49)Some families also face too much homework, not enough family time, and a curriculum based on standardized testing when they have children enrolled in the public school system. Children with disabilities and children who demand a more attentive teacher with one on one teaching are great candidates for homeschooling.I also feel disappointed in the fact that our schools no longer involve religion- not even a simple break of day prayer. It is to the point where teachers are reprimanded for mentioning religion of any kind. My faith is very important to me and I would like it if faith based instruction was an everyday disperse of my childs education. When I think of the future and what my children may find out on a daily basis at their school I always think of homeschooling if our public school systems get bad enough. When I hear about the violence and drugs that my future children may encounter magic spell at school I consider homeschooling a great option for my future family.Homeschooling can become a good choice for parents who are tired of the test taking based curriculum and the extreme gist of homework that is required of their children. By choosing to home school, the parent and student can decide on a curriculum that best suites the child and that isnt based on passing one test at the dismiss of that school year.Another plus side to choosing the curriculum is that parents can choose to teach a faith based curriculum and implement religion classes into the coursework. If a child is getting their education at home usually it will involve much less homework and the childs spare time can be spent on extra-curricular activities- something that students often feel they dont have enough time for. being homeschooled also gives the student and parents more family time because theres less homework to be done in the evening.Another reason wherefore parents choose homeschooling is because of the violent and drug filled breeze in nearly public middle and secondary schools. Students encounter negative peer pressure while at school and this can lead to drug or alcohol abuse and violent or rebellious behavior. In an atmosphere such as this a child is not given the best opportunity to succeed and sometimes this is enough to convince parents that in home education is best for their child or children. I cant think of any parents that I know who would want to send their children to a school filled with drugs and violence and that is not a suitable scholarship environment.Parents know what is best for their child and know how to create the best environment suitable for their child to learn. In homeschooling, parents can give their children more choice and control in their curriculum while teaching them one on one. If a parent decides to home school their child, that child will have the opportunity to advance at their own pace. Children who are homeschooled often learn at a faster pace because they are being taught one on one usually by a parent. By allowing a child to accelerate at a faster pace the child will not become bored with the content taught and will tarry focused and interested in the material being taught.Although many Americans are still skeptical of homeschooling there are many advantages to homeschooling your child. Studies have shown that children who are homeschooled tend to score higher(prenominal) on standardized tests such as advanced placement exams, the ACT, and the SAT than do public schooled children. (McReynolds, 2007) It is also shown that children who are homeschoo led attend college at higher rates and are in many cases recruited by universities. (Romanowski, 2006, p. 127)Many prestigious schools such as, Brown, Georgetown, Harvard, MIT, Princeton, the United States Military academy at West Point, UC at Berkeley, University of Michigan, Notre Dame, and Yale are all universities that accept first-year who have been homeschooled and in some cases recruit students who have mostly been homeschooled. (Romanowski, 2006, p. 127) It is just as easy if not easier for homeschooled children to enter into college. It is reported that children who are improve at home usually score about 15% higher on standardized tests than do publicly schooled children. (Wilhelm, 2009) In the year 2005, students who were homeschooled averaged haemorrhoid of 22.5 while students educated in public schools averaged a 20.9 score. (Abbott, 2006, p. 50)By choosing to educate your child at home you can give your child the opportunity for a better education suited to your ch ilds individual needs. Reasons that drive parents to homeschooling their children include too much homework, not enough family time, a curriculum based on standardized testing, negative peer pressure including violence and drugs, and the absence of religion in schools. By homeschooling your child you can control the curriculum and you can choose to include religion in the curriculum and the negative peer pressure from fellow students is not there. In order for children to learn they must be put into the correct setting. Securing a sage place free of drugs, gun violence, and negative peer pressure were all factors which turned families toward homeschooling. (Wichers, 2001, p. 145)ReferencesAbbott, M., & moth miller, J. (2006). What you need to learn about homeschooling.Contemporary Pediatrics,23(11), 48. Retrieved from CINAHL with extensive Text database. In the article titled, What you Need to Learn About Homeschooling, Myles Abbott and Jennifer Miller explore many common reasons why parents choose homeschooling their children over conventional public schools. Abbott and Miller also studied the different

History of Matches Essay

A tick is a wee stick of wood or strip of cardboard with a solidified mixture of flammable chemicals deposited on one end. When that end is struck on a rough surface, the encounter genepaces sufficiency heat to ignite the chemicals and originate a small flame. whatever tick offes, called strike- whatsoeverwhere the Tempteres, face cloththorn be ignited by impinging them on whatever rough surface. Other teammatees, called golosh fit ines, volition ignite only when they be struck on a special rough surface containing trusted chemicals.HistoryThe first known use of matches was in 577 during the siege of a town in northern China. Women in the town apply sticks coat with a mixture of chemicals to start fires for cooking and heating, thus allowing them to conserve their especial(a) fuel by putting the fires out between uses. The details of this technique were subsequently lost to history. It was not until 1826 that John Walker of England invented the first friction mat ches. Walkers matches were ignited by drawing the heads with a folded piece of paper coated with ground glass. He began selling them in 1827, but they were difficult to light and were not a success. In 1831, Charles suborder Sauria of France developed a match that utilise white the Tempter. These matches were strike-anywhere matches and were much easier to ignite. Unfortunately, they were in addition easy to ignite and caused numerous unintentional fires. White phosphorus to a fault proved to be highly toxic. Workers in match plants who inhaled white phosphorus fumes often suffe ruddy from a horrible degeneration of the jawbones known as phossy jaw.Despite this health hazard, white phosphorus continued to be used in strike-anywhere matches until the early 1900s, when government action in the United States and atomic number 63 forced manufacturers to switch to a nontoxic chemical. In 1844 Gustaf Pasch of Sweden proposed placing some of the matchs combustion ingredients on a s eparate striking surface, quite than incorporating them all into the match head, as an extra precaution against accidental ignition. This musical themecoupled with the discovery of less-reactive, nontoxic red phosphorusled J. E. Lundstrom of Sweden to move into resort matches in 1855. Although safety matches posed less of a hazard, many people still preferred the convenience of strike-anywhere matches, and both types continue to be used today. The first matchbook matches were patented in the United States by Joshua Pussey in 1892. The Diamond Match Company purchased the rights to this patent in1894.At first, these rising matches were not well accepted, but when a brewing company bought 10 million matchbooks to advertise their product, sales so argond. Early match manufacturing was mainly a manual operation. Mechanization slowly took over portions of the operation until the first robotlike match machine was patented by Ebenezer Beecher in 1888. Modern match manufacturing is a h ighly automated process using continuous-operation machines that can arrive as many as 10 million matches in an eight-hour crack with only a few people to monitor the operation.Raw Materials woodwind used to make matchsticks must be porous becoming to guide various chemicals, and rigid enough to withstand the bending forces encountered when the match is struck. They should withal be straight-grained and easy to work, so that they may be readily sign on into sticks. White pine and aspen be two common woods used for this purpose. Once the matchsticks be formed, they atomic number 18 idiotic in ammonium phosphate, which is a fire retardant. This pr flushts the stick from smoldering after the match has gone out. During manufacture, the striking ends of the matchsticks ar dipped in hot paraffin wax. This provides a small amount of fuel to transfer the flame from the burning chemicals on the cargonen to the matchstick itself. Once the paraffin burns off, the ammonium phosphat e in the matchstick prevents any further combustion. The heads of strike-anywhere matches are composed of two parts, the tip and the trading floor. The tip contains a mixture of phosphorus sesquisulfide and kelvin chlorate.Phosphorus sesquisulfide is a highly reactive, non-toxic chemical used in place of white phosphorus. It is easily ignited by the heat of friction against a rough surface. The potassium chlorate supplies the oxygen call for for combustion. The tip also contains powdered glass and other inert makeweight material to increase the friction and maneuver the burning rate. Animal mucilage is used to bind the chemicals together, and a small amount of zinc oxide may be added to the tip to give it a whitish color. The base contains many of the same(p) materials as the tip, but has a smaller amount of phosphorus sesquisulfide. It also contains sulfur, rosin, and a small amount of paraffin wax to substantiate combustion. A water-soluble dye may be added to give the base a color such as red or blue. The heads of safety matches are composed of a single part. They contain antimony trisulfide, potassium chlorate, sulfur, powdered glass, inert fillers, and animal glue. They mayalso include a water-soluble dye. Antimony trisulfide cannot be ignited by the heat of friction, even in the presence of an oxidizing agent like potassium chlorate, and it requires another get-go of ignition to start the combustion.That source of ignition comes from the striking surface, which is deposited on the billet of the matchbox or on the back cover of the matchbook. The striking surface contains red phosphorus, powdered glass, and an adhesive such as gum arabic or urea formaldehyde. When a safety match is rubbed against the striking surface, the friction generates enough heat to convert a trace of the red phosphorus into white phosphorus. This immediately reacts with the potassium chlorate in the match head to produce enough heat to ignite the antimony trisulfide and sta rt the combustion. Match boxes and match books are made from cardboard. The finned strips of cardboard used to make the matches in match books are called a comb.The ManufacturingProcessMatches are manufactured in several stages. In the case of wooden-stick matches, the matchsticks are first swerve, prepared, and move to a storage area. When the matchsticks are needed, they are inserted into holes in a long perforated sing. The whack carries them through the rest of the process, where they are dipped into several chemical tanks, dried-out, and packaged in boxes. Cardboard-stick matches used in match books are processed in a similar manner. Here is a typical sequence of trading operations for manufacturing wooden-stick matches case the matchsticks1 Logs of white pine or aspen are clamped in a debarking machine and slowly rotated while spinning brand names cut onward the outer bark of the tree. 2 The stripped logs are then cut into short lengths most 1.6 ft (0.5 m) long. Each l ength is placed in a peeler and rotated while a sharp, flat blade peels a long, thin pall of wood from the outer surface of the log. This sheet is about 0.1 in (2.5 mm) thick and is called a veneer. The peeling blade moves inner toward the core of the rotating log until only a small, round part is left. This post is discarded and may be used for fuel or cut down to wood chips for use in making paper or chipboard. unornamented logs are placed in a peeler, which cuts a sheet about 0.1 in (2.5 mm) thick, called veneer, from the log. The veneer proceeds to the chop, which cuts it into small sticks. The sticks are soaked in a dilute solution of ammonium phosphate and dried, removing splinters and shape solution. The matches are dumped into a feed hopper, which lines them up. A perforated conveyer whang hip-hop holds them upside down while they are dipped in a series of three tanks. The matches are dried for 50-60 minutes before they are packaged. 3 The sheets of veneer are stack ed and fed into a chopper. The chopper has many sharp blades that cut down through the stack to produce as many as 1,000 matchsticks in a single stroke.Treating the matchsticks4 The cut matchsticks are dumped into a large vat fill up with a dilute solution of ammonium phosphate. 5 After they have soaked for several minutes, the matchsticks are removed from the vat and placed in a large, rotating mystify, like a clothes dryer. The tumbling action inside the drum dries the sticks and acts to polish and clean them of any splinters or crystallized chemical. 6 The dried sticks are then dumped into a hopper and blown through a metal duct to the storage area. In some operations the sticks are blown directly into the matchmaking facility rather than going to storage.Forming the match heads7 The sticks are blown from the storage area to a conveyor belt that transfers them to be inserted into holes on a long, continuous, perforated steel belt. The sticks are dumped into several v-shaped fee d hoppers that line them up with the holes in the perforated belt. Plungers tug the matchsticks into the holes across the width of the slowly moving belt. A typical belt may have 50-100 holes spaced across its width. Any sticks that do not seat firmly into the holes fall to a catch area on a lower floor the belt and are transferred back to the feed hoppers. 8 The perforated belt holds the matchsticks upside down and dips the lower portion of the sticks in a bathe of hot paraffin wax. After they emerge from the wax, the sticks are allowed to dry. 9 that down the line, the matchsticks are positioned over a tray filled with a unruffled solution of the match head chemicals. The tray is then momentarily raised to immerse the ends of the sticks in the solution.Several thousand sticks are coated at the same time. This cyclerepeats itself when the next batch of sticks is in position. If the matches are the strike-anywhere kind, the sticks move on to another tray filled with a solution of the tip chemicals, and the match ends are immersed in that tray, only this time not quite as deeply. This gives strike-anywhere matches their device characteristic two-toned appearance. 10 After the match heads are coated, the matches must be dried very slowly or they volition not light properly. The belt loops up and down several times as the matches dry for 50-60 minutes. forwarding the matches11 The cardboard inner and outer portions of the match boxes are cut, printed, folded, and glued together in a separate area. If the box is to contain safety matches, the chemicals for the striking strip are mixed with an adhesive and are mechanically applied to the outer portion of the box. 12 When the matches are dry, the belt moves them to the furtherance area, where a multi-toothed wheel pushes the finished matches out of the holes in the belt. The matches fall into hoppers, which billhook the proper amount of matches for each box. The matches are dumped from the hoppers into the inner portions of the cardboard match boxes, which are moving along a conveyor belt situated below the hoppers. Ten or more boxes may be filled at the same time. 13 The outer portions of the match boxes move along another conveyor belt running parallel to the first belt. two conveyors stop momentarily, and the filled inner portions are pushed into the outer portions. This cycle of selection the inner portions and pushing them into the outer portions is repeated at a rate of about once per second. 14 The filled match boxes are moved by conveyor belt to a machine, which groups them and places them in a corrugate cardboard box for shipping.Quality ControlThe chemicals for each portion of the match head are weighed and measured exactly to avoid any divergence in the match composition that might affect performance. Operators constantly monitor the operation and visually inspect the product at all stages of manufacture. In addition to visual inspection and other normal quality contro l procedures, match production requires strict attention to safety. Considering that there may be more than one million matches attached to the perforated belt at any time means that the working environment must be kept free of all sources of accidental ignition.The FutureThe use of matches in the United States has steadily declined in the last few decades. This decline is the import of several factors the availability of inexpensive, disposable lighters the decrease in the use of tobacco products by the general public and the development of automatic lighting devices for gas-fired stoves. Of the matches that are sold, book matches far outsell wooden stick matches because of their advertising value. Worldwide, matches will continue to be in demand for the foreseeable future, although their production will probably follow the demand and migrate to other countries.Where to Learn to a greater extentBooksBennett, H., ed. The Chemical Formulary, Vol. XV. Chemical Publishing Company, Inc ., 1970. PeriodicalsBean, M.C. History of the Match, Antiques and Collecting Hobbies. September, 1992, pp. 42-44. Chris Cavette

Engro Foods

Contents About engro nutrients3 observe pro aspect3 olpers3 olwell draw (a hapless plummet take out by olpers, engro foods)4 olfrute ju crosspatch rink4 tarang4 o more(prenominal)5 segmentation5 what is segmentation.. 5 foundation for segmentation5 segmentation for olpers5 olper,s crop range6 segmentation for olpers7 blot for olpers8 what is post.. 8 arrangement influence8 competitive prefer12 complimentary burning improvement12 forest c either over12 pr with farmers13 third- propagation localize13 engros containaging mix tools13 advertising13 sales promotions15 public relations16 in- mind dispenseing17direct selling18 basic maneuvers give18 node affinity precaution18 client relationship steering in engro foods18 customers match blooms19 reducing the customer defection rate22 structure loyalty22 references24 about engro foodEngro stands for energy for growth. From inception, ours is a legacy of continuous growth, impertinently ch eitherenges and fulfilled promises. From fertilizers to dairy farm harvest-feasts, handicraft solutions to PVC resin, power generation to commodity trade, at Engro our ambition is to become the premier Pakistani try with a global reach.Engro Foods Limited is subsidiary of Engro Chemical Pvt. Ltd. which is unitary of the virtu only wheny re coiffeed enterprises in Pakistan with more than 40 years of diversified business trading trading operations in the beas of fertilizer and chemicals. Engro Chemicals, formerly known as Exxon, was taken oven by the employees and reamed Engro. Since thusly, it has diversified into many fields owning and operating subsidiaries corresponding Engro Asahi, Engro Vopak, Engro Pak tank, Engro Chemicals and Engro Foods. Engro Foods started its business operations in March 2006 and it hasnt waited bear ever since its inception.Within a actu exclusivelyy short span of 2 years, it has become the house of four see dairy take out carrys Olpers Milk, Tarang, O lwell, and Olpers woof. Engro Foods has already set up two treat plants at Sukkur and Sahiwal. VALUE PROPOSITION A c be for propositionis a promise ofvalueto be delivered and a belief from the customer ofvaluethat will be experienced. A value proposition tin scum bag gift to an entire brass instrument, or parts in that respectof, or customer accounts, or mathematical productions or services. Engro Foods Ltd. is delivering value to customers by offering following productsOLPERS pic OLWELL MILK (A LOW plenteous MILK BY OLPERS, ENGRO FOODS) OLFRUTE JUICE pic TARANG pic OMORE pic SEGMENTATION WHAT IS SEGMENTATION.. The process of define and subdividing a large homogenous market into clearly identifiable segments having resembling needs, wants, or demand attributes. BASIS FOR SEGMENTATION The following argon the basis for segmentation pic SEGMENTATION FOR OLPERS It is difficult for any one c everyer-up to engage in mass production, mass distri scarcelyion and mass promotio n for its product.The complexities arise from the pro livenessration of advertising and distribution channels and the high costs associated with gain a mass audience. Therefore, companies segment the market so that they stinker bespeak the group of customers who shargon similar needs and wants. The milk sector shows a market that has homogeneous preferences that is the consumers contrive similar preferences. They want milk to be light, c befully processed, and effectual for health and bones. Keeping these things in mind Engro section its market.The marketers at Engro arrest had a number of options available to them when segmenting the market for their products. Engro Olpers products embroil pic OLPER,S PRODUCT RANGE SEGMENTATION FOR OLPERS Geographic division Engro Geographic in ally divide its market on the basis of Region Engro part its market for the South East region. Country Engro segmented its market in Pakistan country. Province Engro dramatic playdamented its consumers all over the Pakistan but mostly in the Punjab province. demographic cleavageEngro divided its market on the basis of demographically as age Engro Olpers products are for the all age of people like for children youngsters and olders. gender Engro did not segment its market on the gender basis. Every somebody can use it either male or female because there is no gender discrimination. Family Olpers products serve the family which has 3 to 5 members. Income fire strike off calls for a small percen smidgeone of an psyches income but inflict class wouldnt want to buy the deformity maybe because they are determine sensitive. Psychographic SegmentationEngro psycho-graphically segmented its market on the basis of companionable class The brand is meant for all the users in higher upper or middle class families and it tar lives a specialized social class who are health conscious and touch about their clog. Life style Olpers select segmented the market more towa rds come uponrs who are goal-oriented and want to take themselves by others. For example the ads for Olwell mostly show achievers who want to be successful, confuse high aims and are already doing quite well in their concerned fields. in-personity The Olpers products see targeted experiencers because the tie-up has given them a latefound set of brand and so many will discover their front purchase because they want to try something new. Olpers ads besides target believers, traditional conservative people with concrete beliefs. The ads for Olpers show the beliefs of healthy life with processed milk and plays on the emotional aspect more. Behavioral Segmentation Engro Behaviorally segmented its market on the basis of Benefits Olpers products have been segmented on the basis of pull ins that consumers seek in the milk.In this case, people look for a brand that can be utilise for all purposes from drinking to tea leaf whiteners as well to feed the animals. Loyalty Engro segment its market on the basis of loyality status by finding some hard encumbrance loyal persons in the milk sector which are overly impairment sensitive or want variety and on the basis of price they will be switch from other opened brands like Haleeb, come on etc. POSITIONING FOR OLPERS WHAT IS POSITIONING.. Positioning is defined as the act of designing the companys offering and hear to occupy a characteristic bunk in the target markets mind. POSITIONING PROCESS The efficacious positioning process involves pic Defining the competitive commit of reference Competitive mold of reference involves Identifying the direct competitors of brand. Position of these competitors in market. Level of aspiration. Identifying the direct competitors onward positioning a brand company must(prenominal)iness sympathize who the master(prenominal)(prenominal) competitors are? For example Engro main competitors Haleeb Nestle Position of competitors Company must analyze and under stand the position of their competitors that either their position is potent or weak.For example the both competitors of Engro are loyal and have a abominable market place. Level of competition Company overly identifying the train of competition that at what level it competes with its competitors. The level of competition involves At product type level At product category level At product class level For example, Engro competes at all levels as As at the product type level Olpers compete with the Nestle milk pack and Haleeb dairy queen. As at the product category level Olpers categories like Olpers Olwell competes with Nestle Nesvita and Haleeb Skimz. As at the product class level it compete with all dairy products as Engro dairy products are compete with all dairy products of Nestle and Haleeb. Establishing the points of difference Companies establish the points of difference which are the attributes or benefit those consumers muscularly associate with a brand, positive ly evaluate, and believe that they could not find to the analogous extent in the competitive brand. The point of differences for the Engro dairy products are Olpers milk encase of Olpers milk in Red warp which is quite antithetic from competitors Green and Blue wring packaging. Engro used the attribute positioning for Olpers milk. The main theme of the product is that it is meant for all purposes without any user interpretry. Olpers ads also show attributes of milk such as solid for health. The whimsical selling proposition for Olpers is base on tag transmission channel Subah Bakhair Zindagi, but recently the company changed the USP to Jo dil khol kay jeetay hain unheen kay liyay hai Olpers. Both the tag follows have a very positive impact on Olpers image because of the emotions involved in both the lines. Olpers cream Packaging of Olpers cream in Purple color which is diverse from competitors. Engro position Olpers cream for a specific use or application. Because the Olpers cream used to watch the dishes in which cream is necessary like cakes, ice cream. The eccentric selling proposition for Olpers cream is based on tagline Lifes a Dessert with the center of ad that Creams of all Creams. Olpers Olwell Packaging of Olpers Olwell in Red color which fork it from competitors. Engro used the benefit positioning for Olwell. The product is positioned as High calcium, low fat product. The unique selling proposition for Olpers Olwell is based on tag line .. o youre unstoppable and with the message stoppage ageging. Olpers Owsum Packaging of Owsum designed in a highly exposit comic book style and each packaging has a antithetic world with respect to each flavor describing different story in each one. Engro use the specific positioning as Owsum flavored milk is for the children from 9 to 12 years age. It is the first quantify a company target this age group children. The unique selling proposition for Olpers Owsum is based on tag line Kill the Milk Monster and the message of ad Flavored milk socked out the simple milk. Establish the points of resemblanceCompanies establish the points of parity which are attributes or benefits which are not of necessity unique to the brand, and also shared with other brands. The point of parity for the Engro dairy products are Engro provides high quality to its customers, which same to its competitors Nestle and Haleeb because these companies also cogitate on high quality. Engro cover the whole country of Pakistan and its competitors also covers the all areas of Pakistan. Both the appearance and packaging of Engro products is very attractive. Its competitors packaging and appearance is also very attractive. Engro run its advertising on different channels like T. V, Radio, Newspapers and billboards. Nestle and Haleeb which are the competitors of Engro are also burstment the same channels. Engro used the 6 layered Tetra Pack packaging for its products. Nestle and Haleeb also usi ng the same packaging technique. COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE Competitive advantage core strategic advantage one business entity has over its rival entities within its competitive industry. Achieving competitive advantage strengthens and positions a business better within the business environment.Engro foods Ltd. has many advantages over its competitors which are given below. CONTINUOUS rise The Engro foods continuously improve itself which is the study edge of Engro foods over its competitors. Feedback and its integration in the supply chain of mountains are essential to the continuous improvement of an governing that places so much importance on supply chain management. Engro Foods ensures feedback is obtained from all possible sources. As a result, mite is maintained with distributors regarding the consumers reaction or any complaints that they may have.In fact, any bad products or bad batches of products, if the solvent of any supply chain management glitches, are accepted back by the company and exchanged for new good stock free of cost. Feedback is also collected immediately from the consumers via the company website, which allows consumers to lodge any complaints, put forward any queries, or just drop by their comments. The same in brass is also collected through the presence of the company quotation and phone number on all the packages, thus making the organization very accessible to the consumers. QUALITY CONTROLEngro Foods is committed to providing the best quality of products to the consumers at the lowest possible costs. In other words, it is a company that believes in the virtues of cost leadership and its prioritization for quality maintenance and control is reflected in besotted quality stigmatises that are carried out both in the first place and after the impact of the milk. Before Processing Quality control procedures are alleged right at the point of milk collection that is at the milk collection centers. testing ground tests are cond ucted in order to check the milk for any alloy and in fact the dhodhis are also educated to avoid alloy of milk.An expert is stationed at these MCCs to ensure that the tests are conducted properly. Once the milk is authorise and dispatched within 6 hours to either the Sahiwal or Sukkur plant, the next Quality check is carried out right at the time of milk reception at the plant where it is once again examined by qualified Chemists and Micro Biologists by conducting various tests. It is only after the milk clears certain tests that the Quality entertain department accepts it and transfers it to the cooling plants. After Processing Quality control experts are involved throughout the production process.After the packaging process is comp permite, Quality control resurfaces this time not only to ensure that the packages are sterilized but also to ensure that the milk packages are of the prescribed weight. And after a final approval, the milk products are considered fit for delivery and transferred to the warehouse. The organization strives to achieve even better and better quality of the products which is why it collaborates with various investigate agencies to work on the development of the products. PR WITH FARMERS ENGRO has been moveing with the farmers for fertilizers and has gained quite a good reputation over the years.It has led to a strong bond and hanker term relationship with the farmers who are willing to supply milk to the company. This is an added advantage and strength for the company because it will never be short of milk production. The farmers also wont have to look elsewhere to sell their milk. THIRD-GENERATION PLANT EFL only, has the third-generation UHT milk plant in the country. EFL plant is the only plant in Pakistan that uses Bactofuge technology to virtually eliminate bacteria and ensure bounteousness quality and hygiene.Moreover, it is also setting up another milk impact plant in Central Punjab (Sahiwal) with an investment of Rs. 2 billion (US $ 33 million). ENGROS PROMOTION MIX TOOLS ADVERTISING Engro Foods Ltd. is always quite snotty-nosed in exploring various mediums and reaching out to the maximum in an powerful way. For instance, spreading the art of happiness via decorating of Lahore with flowers in the establish phase,putting iridescent streamers, Omore bloopers on TV channels. Omore is active in doing advertising since its launch.They believe that strong and trenchant advertizing is essential for product success. They have used their laggard line The Art of Happiness since the start to expose and create brand image in the mind of the customers. This will also induce a desire for buying a product as in the ads they have shown that if you want to be happy, eat Omore. The followings are the advertisement vehicles used by Engro for the promotion of its Omore and other milk products product. Print & Broadcasting Ads Omore has conveyed their message of happiness, experience, fun and pleasure through their TV and print ads.The creative are so colorful and vibrant to support their slogan of happiness with the catchy jingle attached to it. They have broadcasted their ads on all the major(ip) TV channels, FM radio and social media like Facebook, Twitter, and Orkut and for print they have gone in all major magazines and newspapers. Packaging Outer Engro used the colorful packaging with product picture and name along with nutrition indigents and contact information. The color also aided to enhance the in-store visibility and presence for its Olpers packaged milk, and the brand was instantly disassociated from its competition.The brand also worked to ensure it established an image of being a healthy and natural product. Its optimistic and vibrant tag lineGood Morning Lifealong with the unique red color, became the soul of the Olpers brand identity across various media outlets. Brochures & Booklets Brochures and booklets were distributed exterior the coarse famous marts at the tim e of foundation. Posters & Leaflets Product promotion posters were lay outside the stores like ice pops, choc stick etc. At the time of insertion leaflets were showered from aircrafts in different areas of cities.Billboards To promote the Omore brand, Engro placed it on billboards at all the major intersection in different cities like Lahore, Karachi, Multan, Islamabad and Peshawar. It is the visual representation of the product by showing the customer a swing from their own lives, something to which they can refer when they are going to buy a product. Billboard is an expensive media but can reach a abundant range of customer and is high in creating conscious(predicate)ness. Point Of Purchase Displays Engro placed Omore carts outside all the major malls/marts and grocery stores at the time of launching it.Audiovisual Material Jingle and medication used by Engro for its products are so strong through which people slowly recognize its products. The simple and classy tune of OLPERs and the tag line called out loud i. e. SUBHA BAKHAIR ZINDAGI was easily identifiable by 90% of the targeted audience. It means that the uniqueness of the sound remains in the mind of the consumers. Symbols & Logos To promote the Omore, Engro used the symbols related to happiness, joy and fun. Their logo is oval in shape with pink inside and white outside. SALES PROMOTIONS gross sales promotion is a variety of short term fillip to encourage trial or purchase of product. When used stiffly, sales promotions can swear out to move old stock, counteract competitor activity, merchandise new products, encourage repeat buying and motivate your staff. They can also be monitored, so the success of a particular sales promotion can be measured over time. It is a good way of attracting new customers. The type of promotion selected also has to be relevant to the target customers as well as the companys own merchandising objectives.Contest, Games & Sweepstakes Omore has conducted strugg le and sweepstakes to attract customers and make them start liking the product. They have through with(p) it before launching it in Punjab and now in Karachi, they have conducted morning shows on Hum TV. Omore has launched an interactive application on its Facebook fun page which allows the users to act in a weekly drawing contest. Sampling Sampling was make by Omore at the time of launch in all the major cities to increase the customer awareness and also create the liking of the product. EntertainmentJingle and music is so important and strong that people recognize Omore with it. Trade In Allowance Omore gives 16% trade allowance to all the retailers and wholesalers. PUBLIC transaction Public relations (or PR) involve a sustained attempt to develop the reputation as a business by using the media to help create the image the company desire. It is a way of keeping the business in your customers eyes. News or press releases can be distributed to the media to announce, for example, new product launches, a change in possible action times or company successes.Articles can be distributed to trade journals or local newspapers, and sponsorship or charitable donations can help to position a company business more prominently in the market place than competitors. Attendance at exhibitions and seminars can also help to promote the image of the company to a chosen target audience Charitable Donations An Engro food has also proved itself to be a socially responsible company in many ways. For example when our nation faced a major catastrophic in the form of the floods which shook the foundation of our country.Engro foods stood firm in its commitment to the social causes and provided the financial help, food and shelter through the help of various relief organizations. Sponsorship Omore have sponsored several TV programs, morning shows and play matches. Publications Omore has done publication which reflects its vision and objectives in the short and long run. They have provided information on how the Omore ice cream goes about its operations and how Omore ice cream nutritious because it uses pure dairy products as compared to the competitors.PERSONAL SELLING Personal selling is face to face interaction with one or more prospective purchasers for the purpose of making presentations, stateing questions and purchase orders. This is the most effective form of promotion because it allows your approach to be tailored to the needs of an individual customer. Getting a sale is ultimately extremely important, but the process involves a lot more than this. It is about having a constructive conference with customers to listen to their needs, promote product & company enefits on an individual basis, answer any questions, resolve any problems and get their feedback before clinching a sale. Face-to-face, a sales person can build a relationship with the customer- discernment their needs and feeding back this knowledge to the business to improve products, custo mer service standards, competitor knowledge etc. Employing a sales person is a costly exercise in the first instance, but it is one that will provide a pay back, usually within 1-2 years. Sales Presentation Omore is selling their products via charts. Incentive ProgramsOmore has given refrigerators to its retailers for their ice cream products. It also gives 16% trade allowance to all the retailers and wholesalers as an incentive. Incentives also include branding of store on achievements of target sales. Fair & Trade Shows Omore has conducted a beach festival to gain the attention of customer and make them aware of the product in Karachi. They also conducted Basant festival in Punjab. DIRECT merchandise Direct selling consists of mail, telephone, fax, email or inter shekels to communicate directly with or solicit response or dialogue from specific customers and prospects.Direct marketing is not used by Omore because the product is already easily available. some other reason of no t using this tool is that mostly people in Pakistan are unaware of purchasing products through these channels. BASIC TACTICS employ Engro foods in most of advertisements used association as basic tactic and associate their product with particular atmosphere and circumstances in the Olpers advertisement they relate the product with the environment of basis where they show that everybody in the home require pure milk which is Olpers.In the omore advertisement they show that when the person uses omore he moves into an imaginary environment which is very excited for him so they associate their product with that environment. In olfrute advertisement they show an excited family in which everyone wants balance in diet so they need juice and associate their product with a situation when there is need of balance in diet then olfrute should be used with the normal diet. So here also association is used as basic tactic. customer RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENTCustomer relationship management is the process of carefully managing detailed information about individual customers and all customer touch points to maximize customer loyalty. Consumer is the reason for our existence as a business. CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT IN ENGRO FOODS According to engro foods positioning, CRM consists of share olpers to enable its marketing departments to identify and target their best customers, manage marketing campaigns and generate quality leads for the sales team. Assisting olpers to improve account and sales management by optimizing information shared by multiple employees, and streamlining actual processes. Allowing the formation of individualized relationships with customers, with the aim of improving customer satisfaction and maximizing net profit identifying the most profitable customers and providing them the highest level of service. Providing olpers employees with the information and processes necessary to know their customers, understand and identify customer needs and effectively build relationships between the company, its customer base, and distribution partners.CUSTOMERS TOUCH POINTS Customer touch point is any origin on which customers encounters the brand and product. Following are the customers touch points which Olpers uses for supply to the relationship of its customers Marketing Value Addition Float Activity Banners lane Show T. V Commercials Rural Melas Buntings Buchat Bazars Posters Institutional promotions New Articles Free Samplings fomite Branding Chain store Promotions Gala Event Management Carnivals melody Concerts Funfair Marketing Float ActivityOne way that Engro foods and Olpers have chosen to interact with their customer is Float Activity. Olpers have been launching promotional activities all the time and according to them this float activity proved to be very effective to keep in touch with their customers. Road Shows In the summer of 2009 when Engro foods launched their new product line of Dairy Ice Cream Omore initially in Lahore the whole urban center was decorated with different road side banners and place cards. This is a traditional Engro food way to keep in touch with their customer and also to promote their new product.According to Olpers Road shows are a very easy yet effective way to keep in touch with customers. Rural Melas Since Pakistan is a country with most of its population slake living in rural areas, Olpers decided to reach those potential consumers with a different approach and they arranged different rural side Melas in which they can easily state their point and make the potential customers a loyal customer Bachat Bazars Bachat Bazars are very common in Pakistan and since this is a trend in the market Engro foods used this way to reach to its existing customers and also targeted new customers in this 1-2-1 marketing way.Free Sampling To promote and let the people who have not yet tested the product companies use the technique called free sampling. And Engro foo ds have done free sampling to make sure that people are aware of the product and also to get the feed back out of the customers to make sure if there are any lags in the product. Chain Store Promotions Another 1-2-1 way of marketing technique that Engro foods have adopted to create effective touch point with their customer is by putting their brand in all the chain store in Pakistan in this way people can have access easily to the product and they do not have to look for the product.Event Management Carnivals Engro foods have worked their way in the customers tinder by knowing them in every way. They try to promote their products and make sure that their product is available in carnivals and all special events that are taking place Music Concert Omore Ice cream launch was unique in its kind as they had music concert with track Bands of Pakistan performing in these concerts. Since they feel like sponsoring such events creates a good way to interact with their customers Fun FairOne way to have direct contact with the customer is to promote different fun fair all over the country. This way existing customer and new customer both are easily targeted. Value Addition Banners An effective way to add customer value towards the product is to intro banners and bill boards all over the city so that customer are aware of their brand and make them feel proud about their brand. T. V Commercials T. V commercials are very effective and excellent way to promote the product and also to increase the value of customers.Its easy way to reach the customers mind and create a positive image towards a brand. Posters Posters are cheap and easy to display way to reach into customers mind and create a positive view of the brand and also to increase the value a customer holds towards the product and Engro food have worked hard to gain this position REDUCING THE CUSTOMER DEFECTION RATE It is not enough, however, to attract new customers the company must keep them and Increase their busi nesses. To reduce the customer defection rate OLPERS position the brand in a way that the customer prefer only Olpers products.Positioning involves designing the product and image that will occupy a distinctive place in the minds of the target market. As can e seen, approach milk pack, and Haleeb have the largest profit margins and market share in the milk industry. Thus the marketers at Olpers have to decide to create its own unique image and then strengthen the position in the customers mind. They have done a number of following steps 1. Packaging of Olpers milk and Olwell in red color and Olpers cream in purple color are quite different and distinctive from the typical green and sober packing used by other competitors. . The brand has been positioned as an all purpose milk that is meant for everyone, especially for those who live life to the fullest, hence its tag line, jo dil khol kay jeetay hain unheen kay liyay hai Olpers BUILDING LOYALTY Creating a long tight friendship t o customers is the dream of any marketer & key to long term marketing success. Olpers build loyality of customers towards its products in the following way 1. As compared to Milk pack and Haleeb Olpers have advantage over its touch points which create a strong loyalty of customers towards Olpers. 2.One way that Olpers have adopted to gather the feedback and build strong relation with their customers is that they have asked their customers to contact and give suggestions that are listened. 3. Olpers works in the heart of its customers by knowing what is special for them. Like in Ramadan Olpers introduce and promote the traditional Ramadan theme so that the 4. Customers who value their religious hereditary pattern they are more attracted and so that in long term they are much more loyal customers towards the brand. 5. The marketers have used different positioning for Olpers products a.They have used the attribute positioning for Olpers milk. The main theme of the product is that it i s meant for all purposes without any user imagery. Olpers ads also show attributes of milk such as good for health. b. They used the benefit positioning for Olwell. The product is positioned as delivering the benefit of helping to reduce weight and for healthy bones. c. Olpers cream is positioned as good for a specific use or application. In this case the cream can be used to make cake icings and desserts look great. Measuring customer-based brand equityHR managers used questionnaires to find how customers feel about the brand. They used the indirect approach with different qualitative and projective techniques (the questionnaire contained some questions related to sentence completion and brand personality description). They used this to understand customers feelings for the brand. The managers agree that ENGRO Foods has helped improve the image for Olpers. They assessed the leverage of alternative associations in this case by comparing the companys characteristic with the charact eristics of Olpers. Managing customer-based brand equityThe organization is managing the customer based brand equity because they ready the significance of marketing activities and their effect on creating more value for the brand, and so by influencing brand knowledge, sales can be improved. Olpers is concentrating on the emotional aspect in their ads in order to focus on the core need of customers that can be satisfied. Olpers has also funded Womens exhibition in Karachi a few months ago and currently is sponsoring cricket World Cup 2007, and further adding more value to the brand and managing customer-based brand equity. REFERENCES http//www. oracle. com/us/corporate/customers/engro-foods-crm-on-deman-078691. pdf http//engro. com/ http//engro. com/our-businesses/engro-foods-limited/ http//engro. com/fact-sheet-engro-foods-limited/ http//www. theideaartist. com/index. php/tag/engro/ http//www. managementparadise. com/forums/marketing-management/209200-marketing-mix-engro-cor poration. html http//guppu. com/2009/04/11/engro-foods-launches-omore-marketing-review/ http//www. pakvisit. com/jobs/jobs%20in%20engro%20foods%20Pakistan. html http//engro. com/wp-content/themes/engro-v1. /pdf/quarterlyreport2011/engro-food-sep-2011. pdf http//pakmediablog. net/220/omore-files/ http//pressrelease. pk/fmcg/engro-foods-launches-tarang-bhara-des-campaign/ Geographic Demographic Psychographic Behavioral Nations States Countries Province Age Family Gender Income cordial class Life style Personality Values Benefits Loyalty drug user status User rate Olpers Olpers Milk Olpers Cream Olpers Olwell Olpers Olfrute Olpers Owsum 1. Defining the competitive frame of reference 2. Establish the points of difference 3. Establish the points of parity

Internet Addiction Can Cause Physical Damage to the Brain, Just Like Drugs, Say Researchers

Internet addiction can cause physical wrong to the brain, just like drugs, say searchers ByROB WAUGH UPDATED0742 GMT, 12 January 2012 Internet addiction disrupts nerve wiring in the brains of teenagers, a employment has found causing a level of brain damage commonly seen in heavy substance abusers. Similar effects have been seen in the brains of people exposed to alcohol, cocaine and cannabis. The discovery shows that being hooked on a behaviour can be just as physically damaging as addiction to drugs, scientists believe.Brain scans showed significant damage to livid social occasion in the brain, proving, the look forers claim, that behavioural addictions can cause physical brain damage in the same way as drug addictions. Internet addiction rowdiness (IAD) is a recently recognised condition characterised by out-of-control internet use. Sufferers overstep unhealthy amounts of time online to the extent that it impairs their quality of life. Denied access to their computers, they may sleep with distress and withdrawal symptoms including tremors, obsessive thoughts, and involuntary typing movements of the fingers.Until now research on IAD has focused on psychological assessments. The new study, from China, used a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technique to look at its effects on brain building. Scans were carried out on 17 internet-addicted adolescents and 16 non-addicted individuals, and the results compared. In the IAD-diagnosed teenagers, the scientists found evidence of disruption to white matter nerve fibres connecting vital part of the brain involved in emotions, decision making, and self-control.A measurement of water distribution called fractional anisotropy (FA) was used which provides a picture of the state of nerve fibres. wiped out(p) FA was an indicator of poor nerve fibre structure. The researchers, led by Dr Hao lei from the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Wuhan, wrote in the online journal Public subroutine library of Science ONE Our findings suggest that IAD demonstrated widespread reductions of FA in major white matter pathways and such(prenominal)(prenominal) abnormal white matter structure may be linked to or so behavioural impairments. In addition, white matter integrity may serve as a potential new treatment target.. Previous studies had shown abnormal white matter structure in the orbito-frontal regions of the brains of people exposed to alcohol, cocaine, cannabis, methamphetamine and ketamine, said the researchers. They added Our finding that IAD is associated with afflicted white matter integrity in the orbito-frontal regions is consistent with these previous results. The scientists fishy the damage is caused by disrupted myelin, the fatty insulating sheath that coats nerve fibres and helps them to function. Commenting on the findings, Dr Henrietta Bowden-Jones, consultant psychiatrist at Imperial College London, said This type of research exploring the differences between normal brains and br ains of people who suffer from internet addictions is groundbreaking as it makes clear neuroimaging links between internet addiction and other addictions such as alcohol, cocaine and cannabis amongst others. We are finally been told what clinicians suspected for some time now, that white matter abnormalities in the orbito-frontal cortex and other actually significant brain areas are present not only in addictions where substances are involved but also in behavioural ones such as internet addiction. Currently, internet addiction is officially classified as an mpulse control disorder rather than a genuine addiction.Further studies with larger numbers of subjects would be necessitate before intendation could be given to reclassifying it, said Dr Bowden-Jones. She added It is.. possible to consider this study as one of the seminal papers in find how future generations of clinicians will view internet addiction. Read morehttp//www. dailymail. co. uk/sciencetech/article-2085369/Inte rnet-addiction-cause-physical-damage-brain-just-like-drugs-say-researchers. hypertext markup languageixzz2QdsZxeo0 Follow usMailOnline on TwitterDailyMail on Facebook