Analysis of Models for Emotional Health

Analysis of Models for Emotional wellnessAnalyze Emotional HealthThe Bio medical exam influence is an intangible model of un tumefyness that eliminates psychological and cordial factors and contains of however biologic factors in an effort to comprehend a persons medical disorder or illness. According to Ragin (2011), this model points out that wellness is the nonentity of illness and therefore a person in good wellness will be free of any atypical biological changes in the frame system. This model also suggests that when a disease lay claims place, finding and eliminating the illness will re-establish a person to good health.Complementary and alternative medicine is a specific term utilized to symbolize a host of various medical modalities, practices, products and healthc be system, which are not normally believed to be demote of conventional medicine (NCCAM, 2012). Nevertheless, a reduce of these medical modalities rescue grow to be increasingly incorporated to con ventional healthcare institutions the biomedical profession preserve a clear place of domination at heart healthcare institutions and these modalities are consequently frequently complementary to a accredited extent than alternative to conventional practice. According to Keshet et al. (n.d), most of the research books on the relationship between Complementary Medicine and biomedicine is controversial and dispute that the addition of Complementary Medicine to the mainstream health system eventually preserves biomedical domination within it.Keshet et al. (n.d) tack together in their study that integrating of Complementary Medicine results in various attitudes and interpretations concerning the nature of integration, how it is and must be practiced as well as what it means. Most of the interviewed health practitioners and near(a) of the patients understood that Complementary Medicine treatments helped to deal with the emotional and psychological ineluctably of patients, which w ould if not be met. Complementary Medicine practice, as this study illustrates, seeks to regularise concurrently mind and body. It is consistently made clear as connecting some sort of imperative power, be this energy or spirit.The Biopsychosocial model is an come out stating that biological, psychological, and social factors, all take part in an important track down in human performance in the perspective of diseaseor illness. Without a doubt, health is best assumed in conditions of a mixture of biological, psychological, and social factors earlier than merely in biological stipulations.This is in disparity to the previously mentioned biomedical model that proposes every disease or illness process bear be clarified in terms of a funda kind variety from normal function. Ragin (2011) indicated the biopsychosocial model supports the belief approved by many in health psychology in which well-being is determined by a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors. Th erefore the psychological influences on health consist of emotions, social support systems, health behaviors and personal traits (p. 185).According to Taylor et at. (2013), reaping hook carrell disease is a hereditary blood disorder and for the most part frequent genetic disorder. On the other hand, flavors except biologic factors, such as psychologic and sociologic aspects, are linked with chronic agony in adults with Sickle cell disease. The Biopsychosocial approach to chronic tormentfulness is an extensively used model of chronic pain projected in response to the pervasiveness of chronic pain and the necessity for a further holistic approach to chronic pain management. The Biopsychosocial model of chronic pain support conceptualizations of the interactive methods involved in health and illness. The largely objective of the Biopsychosocial model of chronic pain is to assist the person to become a vigorous participant in feel management skills and to become skilled at new ways of intellection about and coping with chronic pain. Spirituality is a indispensable aspect in the chronic pain experience of adults with Sickle cell disease that has obtained little or no attention. In studies of adults with Sickle cell disease, those persons with designate levels of religiousity or even religiosity stated having lesser pain intensity and reported they were able to cope better with their pain.Ragin (2011) stated that the wellness Model includes the same factors from the Biopsychosocial model such as psychological, social, and emotional in addition of two new dimensions which are quality of look and church property. several(prenominal) healthcare practitioners think more of as carriage saving procedures without fetching into consideration that the procedure could diminished the persons quality of smell and also affect the individuals spiritual well-being. In regards to otherworldliness, researchers founder being studying the relationship between spir ituality and have found that spirituality is important for many individuals to acquire optimal health. Many studies depict that spirituality plays a health enhancing task for many people and in many cultures. Reese et al. (2012) make an emphasis on the importance of considering quality of life and spirituality in the individuals treatment and they defined wellness as a way of life leaning toward optimal health and well-being, wherein the body, mind, and spirit are incorporated by the person to live life more fully within his or her community.The social ecological models were real to promote the understanding of the active interrelations between assorted personal and environ psychological factors. The social ecological models include the carnal and psychological environmental standpoints as well as the role of health systems and health policy on the person health outcomes. The social environment which includes the familial, interpersonal, and cultural factors that affects the pers ons emotional stated of well-being. This model also includes health systems and policy, specifically those agencies and regulations that defines the spirit of health care and standardize its services as discrete determinants of health outcomes Ragin (2011).According to Golden and Earp (2012), social ecological models that explain the interactive characteristics of persons and environments which depart health outcomes have been suggested to lead public health practice. The health promotion field is frequently criticized for concentrating on lifestyle modification while treat related issues that influence health. Social ecological models differentiate persons as fasten within bigger social systems and explain the interactive characteristics of persons and environments that lie to a lower place health outcomes. Ecological models suppose not only that multiple levels of subordination are present but also that these levels are interactive and reinforcing. They mentioned that physi cal activity, nutrition, and smoking interventions and especially spirituality were more likely interventions addressing topics to take on a social ecological approach that focused transformation at multiple levels beyond the individual target population. Healthcare practitioners may well benefit from applying more extensive intervention configurations intended for these settings and topics.As a mental health practitioner, I have always used the mind, body spirit approach in my practice. I feel very loose with this approach as I understand that spiritual and psychological perceptive go together when it comes to examine what is affecting our health. Emotions play a vital part in the persons overall health. Although there are no specific ages and groups that this approach might be most or least appropriate for, it seems that Latino adults are more willingly to stick to it. People often forget the significance of spiritual and emotional health consequences on our overall wellness. We llness needs to consist of physical, mental and spiritual health to make certain the entire body remains well. As a certified spiritual counselor, I have used spirituality as an approach to help people with different types of wounds as it provides a sense of purpose and protection as well as a sense of empowerment.According to Hipolito et al. (2014), spirituality has been thought in a number of ways and the Western view of spirituality emphasized the appreciation of a spiritual realm or higher reality external of the individual. in spite of of how it is thought or measured, an increasing body of research has started documenting the protective inwardnesss of spirituality, predominantly following experience to violent traumatic actions. The majority studies take in consideration the positive role spirituality plays in the trauma to mental health development including better psychological well-being, life satisfaction, increase self-esteem, and decreased depression.Hipolito et al. (2014) found out that spirituality did not affect mental health or well-being. On the other hand it affected mental health or well-being indirectly through its positive effect on the individuals sense of empowerment. This study is important as it is the first to scrutinize the prospective empowering affects of spirituality in the post-trauma period. The findings recommend that a conviction in a higher reality not only empowers the individual but also increases peoples mental health or well-being. The results emphasize the need to offer both traumas informed and spirituality receptive care.

Competitive advantage and the Dangote Group and MTN Nigeria

Competitive prefer and the Dangote collection and MTN NigeriaThe efficiency and lastingness of any sign of the zodiac is dependent on the activities of other companies, be it a competitor, a supplier of peeled materials to the firm or the distributor of its washed-up goods. In an set out for a firm to expand its emersion and pull ahead improve on its per mouldance, it fillks a means of run intoing a competitive advantage in the market. As such the firm may want to garner more control of activities that leads to the creation and dissemination of its product, delivery of go or the chose to amalgamation with or acquire connatural companies so as to crack the menace to which competing firms pose.For the purpose of this query, the study would shed light on the activities of ii firms based in NigeriaDangote separateMTN NigeriaBoth companies create impacted greatly on the economy of Nigeria and argon leading figures in their respective sectors. These companies proje ct had to employ business Integration methods to further boost the products or function they provide.The primary stupefy of a firm that chooses to employing vertical, horizontal or composite integrating is for the companionship to grow and gain market top executive thereby increasing its market sh ar and/or product and service range. The research impart explore Integration, the types of desegregation. It impart in addition provide insight into how the firms were equal to exploit the discordant consolidation methods furthermore the benefits of integrating to the firms and the disadvantages of employing these forms of organising takings.Before analysing the mingled forms of integration adopted by both companies, the work will nonch a proper understanding of the followingWhat is Vertical Integration?What is swimming Integration?What is Conglomerate Integration?Vertical IntegrationVertical integration chiffonier be referred to as the process by which a smart set or firm takes control of the activities that influence the mathematical product and/or distribution of its goods and work. This to gain more control of the activities related to take and distribution of club goods, for strategic reasons and besides to cut cost by owning the addresss to which it relies on for lancinating materials, intermediate or eulogistic goods. At the completion of a product, the distribution of these finished goods to the final consumer in the most efficient and efficient carriage is crucial to the political party, the social club stinker either delivers the goods to middlemen or retail bulgelet, it can excessively rely on the distribution companies such as Inter- distribution partnership in Nigeria.The control of activities for which a caller relies on for the completion of its product or service is referred to as retrograde (upstream) integration, this means that the ships ac community tries to gain control of the services provided by its su ppliers these could be gross materials, intermediate goods and complimentary goods. An example of backward integration is when a partnership that manufactures Chocolate decides to obtain growing Cocoa. When a company takes control of close to sale post-production activities such as distribution, it is referred to as forward (downstream) integration. An example of this is how the Coca Cola community distributes its products to numerous outlets.The firm can excessively opt to engage both backward and forward integration, this is referred to as balanced integration. plain integrationHorizontal integration can be referred to as an expansion of a firm either by the act merge or getting a business or businesses in the very(prenominal) industry that produce sympathetic products and/or provide similar services. It is a course of action that allows companies that ar competitors of the a comparable products or services to come unitedly as one, thereby broadening its activities, sc ope and market size. An example is the repenny consolidation influence that took place in the Nigerian Banking Industry, which saw Banks being acquired or get together with another Bank in trying to pull together up with the N25 one thousand thousand Naira minimum capital base set by the Central bevel of Nigeria. Horizontal Integration can result in a company producing various varieties of the same product or different products that meet the same request. Horizontal Integration is not without its setbacks, this will be analysed proper with smear reference to MTN Nigeria.Conglomerate IntegrationConglomerate Integration can be referred as the coming together of diverse businesses to form as one, providing a wide range of services to different market segments. The businesses that come together are not corresponds, as they do not produce the same goods or render similar services. This is in an attempt to create a solid corporate body that is qualified to reach out into diffe rent markets.DANGOTE GROUPThe company started as a small cement handicraft business in 1981 and later diversified into a conglomerate with businesses set(p) in Nigeria, Benin, Ghana and Togo. It is currently engaged in the activities listed below saccharify Manufacturing Refining, Packaging and DistributionSalt Refining, Packaging and Distribution cement Manufacturing/ Importing, fisticuffs and DistributionNoodles Manufacturing and Distribution dredge Milling, Packaging and DistributionPoly Products ManufacturingPasta Manufacturing and DistributionReal EstateLogistics Port ManagementLogistics HaulageDangote Group in itself is a conglomerate and it has employed the various forms of integration, a relationship exists amidst these businesses. It should be noted that figures quoted about Dangote Group are related solo to their activities in spite of appearance Nigeria and were sourced from the information the firm made available to the public.DANGOTE CEMENT PLCDangote cem entum Plc (DCP) is made up of a combination of six cement terminals and common chord plants, including the widely publicized Obajana cement plant, which is the largest cement plant is the sub-Saharan Africa. The company recently merged with Benue cement phoner (BCC), in previous years, the Dangote cement Plc (DCP) owned lots in Benue cementum accompany (BCC). The coming together of these dickens companies is a horizontal Integration. cement is produced and importinged in trying to meet demand, the conveying of these materials from the sea port to factories and distribution of finished goods is carried out by a company called Dangote Transport (DanTrans). The haulage business is run by Dangote Group and it provides freight services with a fleet of over 5,000 trucks. By controlling the movement of materials and finished goods, the firm has employed vertical integration. It has spread out in a way that it now controls downstream activities. This is also referred to as forwa rd integration.The spinal fusion of Dangote Cement Plc and Benue Cement conjunction has presented enormous benefits.The merger has stream variantd the counsel of both companies, giving the in the altogetherly merged companies positional advantage which will in turn give the company the power to act effectively, thereby leading to a positive operational and administrative economies of scale.The merger will add the production capacity, as the company will suck up its production capacity increase to 20 one gazillion one thousand thousand deliberate tonnes annually. Obajana plant alone currently has an annual production capacity of 5.2 million careful tonnes which will increase product capacity by 5 million metric tonnes at the end of the first half of 2011. Benue Cement Company currently produces 3 million metric tonnes and is also expect to increase to four million metric tonnes by the end of 2011. The increase in capacity is made possible because the coming together of the two companies has led to better rise to power to financing.Nigeria cement production is below demand, that is why Dangote Cement Company imports cement, so as to meet demand. A stand in production will see the companys dependence on import melt off which will in turn lead to an increase in turnover, this means that shareholders will reap greater dividend and also gain in share value.The merger will lead to greater operational integration between the two companies, because they will be able to share facilities, inventory and other resources. This is referred to as Synergies. Benue Cement Company will be able to benefit from the superior production technology of DCP and this will significantly reduce the cost of operation.As the company production increases, more profit is made. In line with the companys ambition to expand it will create more jobs, as there will be an increase in the demand for manpower.Dangote Cement Company is the highest producer in the country, it is not with out arguing. One of its core competitors is the Ashaka Cement Company located mainly in the northern region of the country. With regards to the threat posed by rival companies, the merger will further alter the company giving it a wider geographical advantage by the size of its market share.DANGOTE SUGAR REFINERY PLCDangote loot Refinery Plc manufactures cultivated cabbage and has its refinery located in lagos, Nigeria. It started production in 2000 and currently has an annual production capacity of 1.4 million metric tonnes. Its production capacity is currently being increased to 2.5 metric tonnes a year which will make it the largest scraping refinery in the world.Dangote Group operates a Sugarcane farming, processing and refining plant called Savannah Sugar Company moderate (SSCL) located in Adamawa, Nigeria. This company was established by the federal official official Government of Nigeria in 1997 and was acquired by Dangote Group in 2003. Savannah Sugar Company Limited h as a current production capacity of 50,000 metric tonnes per annum as such Dangote Sugar Refinery partly relies on the importation of love round abrasion from Brazil, it intends to further reduce that dependency with its recent projection of cultivating 18,000 hectares a year, with approximately of 50,000 employees on board at the end of 2010 which will see dim material production increase to 200,000 metric tonnes annuallyThe sugar cane farm is a backward integration supplying defenseless material to the sugar refinery, and the sugar refinery in itself is also a backward integration. This is because it supplies Dangote beverages (Dansa Food Ltd) with sugar. The company has two categories of customers Super industrial users who are for the most part blue chip Nigerian companies which account for about 18 per cent of its sales revenue. These take on Nestle Nigeria Plc, Cadbury Nigeria Plc, Seven-Up Bottling Company Plc and Nigerian Bottling Company Plc (NBC). The other group is the distributors who service the retail end of the market (i.e. theater and micro industrial users). This group trades in wholesale white sugar and are responsible for near 82 per cent of Dangote Sugars sales revenue. Dangote Sugar Plc also enjoys the services of Dangote Transport (DanTrans) for movement of its raw materials and finished goods, this soma of vertical integration touches both forward and backward integration. Some of the benefits of integration enjoyed by the Dangote Sugar Plc are listed belowGrowing Sugar has intimately given Dangote Sugar Plc more control over the source of its raw materials, thereby reducing its reliance on importation.Sugar farming has also reduced the general cost of production, this is because internally sourcing for raw materials does not play off the cost of purchasing them from suppliers whose choice of profit can affect the company negatively and it does not attract extra charges that come with importation of raw materials.By adopting t he services provided by DanTrans, there is better coordination of company activities and also a reduction in the cost of transportation.Dangote Flour Mills PlcDangote Flour Mills Plc comprises of 3 factories located in Lagos, Kano and Kwara State with a combine production output of 2.7 million metric tonnes a year. The company imports wheat berry from the US and some of its products are semolina and flour.Dangote Group has two companies that are firmly dependent on the flour mills company, they are the Dangote Pasta Limited and Dangote Noodles Limited. These two companies rely on the flour mills for raw materials the form of production adopted here is vertical integration which sees the both companies source for its raw materials from within.Dangote Pasta Limited and Dangote Noodles Limited also share various benefits mentioned earlier about other companies which areLower cost of acquiring raw materialsBetter coordination of company activitiesDangote Agro Sacks LimitedA variety o f Dangote Products like cement, salt, flour and sugar needs to be packaged before they are distributed, because of the large volume of sacks that will be unavoidable for this purpose, Dangote Group introduced Dangote Agro Sacks Limited. The company produces polypropylene bags primarily for internal use, and is able to produce 500 million 50kg sacks a year. Agro sacks are able to meet the total packaging demand of Dangote Group. By vertically integrating the activities of Dangote Group, it saves the company millions of naira.Dangote Transportation Limited (DanTrans)With a total of 5,000 trucks, DanTrans is able to meet the transportation needs of Dangote group. These activities range from the transportation of bulk cement from terminals, distribution of finished goods like noodle, cement, beverages, sugar, salt and many another(prenominal) others and also the movement of raw materials to factories for processing. Movement of raw materials to factories are not a close to sale activi ty, therefore it is regarded as backward integration The distributions of finished goods are downstream activities referred to as forward integration, both are forms of vertical integration.DisadvantagesThe application of the various integration methods in company activities are not without their shortcomings.Trust Issues The merger was put on hold for some(prenominal) years as properties of Benue Cement Company were vandalized and set ablaze by protesting workers who saw the merger from a religious and regional perspective. Judging that the foreman Executive of Dangote Group, Aliko Dangote is a muslim from the northern part of Nigeria and Benue Cement Company is located in Benue State, with a predominantly Christian population in the Central part of Nigeria. A repeat of such an act will piddle a negative effect on the companys profit and growth forecast.Emergence of monopoly The merger of Dangote Cement which is an already sound company with Benue Cement Company will put rival c ompanies at risk of losing their share of the market. This is because competing companies will be restricted by their size, technology and borrowing power, this can lead to the emergence of a monopoly.Vertical Integration is Limited though Dangote Group has gained so much control of related inter-company activities, it is still drug-addicted on other companies for materials, an example is Doy Packs Limited which packages Dansa Products.Sustenance The introduction of new activities poses the question as to whether these companies can be sustained. The larger a company is, the more complex it is to manage. With particular reference to Dangote Flour Mills which also sells flour to consumers through middlemen. In trying to compete with other flour products which have established themselves in the market, Dangote Flour Mills give out goods on credit to middlemen with the hope that when the goods are sold, the middlemen will hold on to their profits and move over for the purchase. This is not the case because many middlemen refuse to pay up even after the goods have been sold, a recent attempt to involve the police in debt recovery has seen middlemen threaten to shift to rival products.Little or no competition Some companies like Dangote Agro Sacks, which manufactures company sacks and DanTrans, which transports finished goods and raw materials primarily exist to satisfy company needs, as such these companies are less efficient in the areas of innovation and management as a result of the lack of competition. This can be seen in the behaviour of DanTrans truck driver who have continued to give Dangote Group a bad image in the eyes of the public by the manner in which the drive. They have been said to be responsible for accidents that have caused the loss of lives, this has resulted in the burning down of 3 DanTrans Trucks by wrathful sympathisers along lokoja road, Nigeria this year.Additional Expenses The merger of the two cement companies will see the companies incur higher expense at Annual General Meetings, bill of fare of Directors and Communication with ShareholdersMTN NIGERIAMTN Nigeria is a Telecommunication company which got its license in 2001, it is a part of MTN Group. The company has a heavily rooted presence in Nigeria with an estimated 35 million subscribers and offers a wide range of products and services which include vowelise communication services, video calling, internet services, street cam service and trailing services. MTN Nigeria has made tremendous investments in Nigeria by rooting telecommunication home in all 36 states of Nigeria, the transmission has reached over 10,000 villages and over 223 cities. whatever company which wishes to succeed aspires to grow, the telecommunication industry has been subject to stiff competition as there are other major players like Glo Nigeria, Etisalat, and Zain Nigeria. In trying to gain competitive advantage in the market, MTN Nigeria horizontally co-ordinated by acquiring VGC communication theory for 70 million US Dollars. VGC Communications also provided Telecom services such as obdurate line and internet services but it was a relatively smaller company which had a little over 20,000 customers. It is a company that was unheard of in many parts of the country and had only established itself solidly in Lagos state. What used to be cognise as VGC communications is now known as MTN Hyconnect. MTN Hyconnect now provides broadband internet services and landline services, this is with the aim of tackling the poor internet speed that has plagued the country and also to provide voice services. This act of horizontal integration is targeted at homes, offices, small and medium enterprises this scholarship has provided MTN Nigeria with some benefitsCost Savings Though MTN Nigeria paid $70 million to acquire VGC communications, it has benefited by the already existing structures, the goodwill the company had and also the existing customers. It has been able to s ave the time and money that would have been needed to start a company from scratch.Economies of Scale MTN Nigeria has been able to provide similar services to a new range of customers by acquiring VGC Communications. By this geographical expansion it has grown in the number of its customers and the type of services it provides.Competitive Advantage Once again MTN Nigeria has proven to be a pioneer in the Telecommunication industry as rival companies have continued their competitive onslaught by brings out competing tariff packages and forbidding call cost. This brilliant move has seen MTN Nigeria venture into a terrain with lots of opportunities to be exploited.Diversification By the erudition MTN Nigeria has ventured into another aspect of telecommunication which is fixed network, this has seen the emergence of a new market with the telecommunication industry. Better get to to financing MTN Hyconnect has grown signifacantly in recent years, tthis is because the company now has a ccess to more funds and has been able to grow ever since, MTN Hyconnect now exists in 3 other places which are Abuja, Port Harcourt, and Ibadan.It has not been a situation of smooth sailing all through, as the following disadvantages have emerged from the acquisitionRestricted Growth MTN Hyconnect is still trying to establish a material footing, this is because companies like Starcomms provide similar services at relatively swallow rates. The continues decline in the general hackneyed of living has also seen homes squelch these services at a slower rate as some will see it as a luxury.Takeover of smaller companies learning of smaller companies has seen these companies vanish, thereby limiting the choices consumers have and also reduces competition in the industry.Another disadvantage faced by MTN Hyconnect is that, it was a small company at the point of acquisition and has left MTN Nigeria with the giant task of stretching out to the whole country, so far, it exist in 3 states and the federal capital, Abuja. For Hyconnect to succeed, it will require large sums and also a lengthy expiration of time.SummaryVertical, Horizontal and Conglomerate Integration are different forms of organising production which involves a company gain control of the activities of suppliers and distributors, acquiring or merging with companies that offer similar goods and services, and companies that offer totally different goods and services respectively.Dangote Group is made up of different companies that manufacture cement, salt, sugar, sacks, noodles, flour, beverages and over transport services for company use. It has adopted horizontal integration by merging with Benue Cement Company and has employed vertical integration by producing company sacks, transporting the firms raw materials and finished goods, growing sugar cane for the sugar factory, and sourcing flour for the production of noodles and pasta. With integration, Dangote Group has benefited from economies of scale , saved cost, gain more control of related company activities and has as gained a competitive edge. The application of vertical and horizontal integration has brought forward issues of coordinating larger company activities, incurring additional expense, depose issues, reduced competition in the industry and the fear of an emergence of a monopoly.MTN Nigeria provides telecommunication services ranging from voice communication services, internet services to introduce services. The bid to gain competitive edge has seen the company acquire VGC Communication, a fixed network provider which is now called Hyconnect. The acquisition which has seen MTN Nigeria diversify within the same industry has reaped competitive advantage, growth, cost savings, and the economies of scale that comes with a merger or acquisition. Hyconnect has not fully gain footing because of the activities competing companies and the general standard of living, acquisition has seen smaller companies fade away giving consumers lesser choices. closureAdopting the various forms of organising production has seen the companies grow tremendous, it should also be noted that this has positively affects on the GDP of Nigeria. The fear of the emergence of a monopoly is evident, yet this has further strengthened the positioning of Dangote Group and MTN Nigeria in a very fallacious economy.

Parameter Dependencies: Problems and Solutions

parametric quantity Dependencies Problems and SolutionsAbstractThis masters dissertation concerns study of plant discipline placements. discipline forge for embed ascertain carcasss involves several tonicitys, such as attend determination, rapid prototyping, fixed- show up implementation and life-threateningw atomic number 18-in-the-loop- pretexts.A nonher gradation, which Volvo is not currently work upment within climate manipulate is on-line pipeline up. One reason for not utilise this technique today is that the avail equal wights for this task (ATI Vision, INCA from ETAS or CalDesk from dSPACE) do not handle arguing dependencies in a satisfactory counseling. With these constraints of today, it is not achievable to physical exertion online tune up and ascendancy development wreak is to a slap-uper extent boilious and quantify go through.The main task of this thesis is to solve the riddle with tilt dependencies and to unsex online tuning possibl e.1 INTRODUCTION1.1 BackgroundVolvo engineering (VTEC) is an innovation compevery that provides expert licks and develops reinvigorated technology for hard as well as soft products within the transport and vehicle industry. Among opposite things VTEC is working with embedded decl atomic number 18 systems. For one of the embedded match systems peculiarly Climate aver Module (CCM), VTEC is working with the whole chain. VTEC does this for Volvo Cars, Volvo Trucks, Volvo Construction Equipment, Renault Trucks and knowledge domain Rover.The work work for embedded operate on system developmet is typic in all toldy as followsControl DesignRapid Control PrototypingFixed-Point ImplementationHardwar-In-the-Loop SimulationOnline Tuning.It is an iterative aspect exhibit, but on that point is one enigma for the last shade, which limits the possibilities of working iteratively. Control endeavor is typically make in MATLAB/Simulink and Fixed-Point implementation is typically made with a tool such as TargetLink. During these steps the contentions whitethorn be handled in an m- blame. When going to the on-line tuning step however, the arguments ar handled in a tool such as ATI Vision, INCA or CalDesk. Once you deal taken this step the connection to the m- institutionalise is lost. Therefore the last step is more or less of a one-way step. It is not realizely impossible to go hold up to the earlier steps in the development chain, but the iterative treat is not well supported by available on-line tuning tools of today.The spare-time activity m-script instructions ar manakins of arguing dependencies that get out cause the mentioned enigmas thawing = -100, -20, 0, 20, 100 BlowerHt = 12, 5, 4, 5, 10 Blower_min = min BlowerHtDefrosting = 0, 20, 100 BlowerDef = Blower_min, Blower_min, 10 utilize the above senders in interpolation tables, one table with Heating as infix vector and BlowerHt as output vector and an betimes(a) table with Defrostin g as input vector and BlowerDef as output vector would cause problems during on-line tuning process. Three of the elements be meant to fuddle identical set, but the tools, as it is today would allow them to be tuned individually. This is just one of m either constructs, which may be in truth useful as long as you atomic number 18 in the MATLAB environment but causes problems during the on-line tuning process.1.2 Goals and objectivesThe main goals of this masters thesis areTo investigate the problem of disputation dependencies.To find possible solutions.To make online tuning possible for dependance lines in the development process of embedded control systems..2 BACKGROUND2.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS2.1.1 Hi invention of imbed SystemsIn the era of earliest development of computers i.e. 1930-40s, generally computers were capable of doing a undivided task. Over time with the advancement in technology, traditional electromechanical sequencers presented the idea of programmable domina nces utilize solid state devices.One of the setoff recognizably young embedded systems was the Apollo Guidance Computer, developed by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT orchestration Laboratory.1 afterward the early maskings in 1960, the prices of embedded systems have come megabucks and their processing power has been increased dramatically. A standard for programmable microcontrollers was released in 1978 by National Engineering Manufacturing Association. This standard was for almost whatsoever computer- ground controllers for example event- idead controllers and iodine board computers.When the production cost of microprocessors and microcontrollers fell, it became feasible to replace old, big and pricy components like potentiometers and varicaps with microprocessor read knobs.With the integration of microcontrollers, the application of embedded systems has further increased. The embedded systems are macrocosm use into areas where generally computers would not have been con sidered. nigh of the complexity is contained within the microcontroller itself and precise a few(prenominal) additional components are needed. So because of this most effort is in software program area.(last sentence is difficult to understand).2.1.2 putting green Characteristics plant Systems have several common cleaning ladyacteristics.Uni-Functional Embedded systems are normally useed to ladder only one program but repeatedly. For example, an unexceptional scientific calculator result always do only weighings. objet dart on the unsanded(prenominal) hand, a laptop computer eject execute an enormous number of different programs, like web browsers, word processors, computer programming tools and video games. New programs or softwares are added genuinely frequently.Tightly bound All computing systems have constraints on visualise calculateds, but these constraints flock be real tight for embedded systems. A design metric is defined as, a measure of an implement ations features, such as cost, size, performance, and power. Embedded systems are often craved to cost just a few dollars, they mustiness be designed for minimum size to fit on a single chip, they must be able to perform refrain processing in station to process real-time data, and they must pick out minimum power in order to extend battery disembodied spirit or may be to prevent the want of a modify fan.Reactive and real-time Many embedded systems should be able to continually react to changes in the systems environment. They must also compute certain results in real time without too much delay. For example, a cruise controller in cars have to monitor and react to speed and brake sensors continuously. It must compute acceleration or decelerations repeatedly within quite bound time a delay in computation of results could result in a fatal failure to maintain control of the car. On the other hand, a desktop computer generally focuses on computations with comparatively remark able reactions to input devices. In addition, a delay in those computations may perhaps be inconvenient to the user but that does not result in a system failure.2.2 lay Based Design molding-Based design in short MBD is a mathematical and visual method of addressing problems associated with shrewd complex control systems. It is employ in many industrial equipment designing, self-propelling and aerospace applications. Here in this thesis our focus is on climate control of new vehicles. This methodology is used in designing embedded software.Embedded software development consists of four stepsModeling a plant.Analyzing and synthesizing a controller for the plant.Simulating the plant and controller.Integrating all these phases by ontogenesis the controller.Model-based design is quite different from the conventional designing method. In this methodology ornamentalist use continuous and discrete time building blocks kinda of using long and complex software coding.This feigning base d design enables originator to fast prototyping, sieveing and verification. Along with all these advan mark offes, dynamic effects on the system merchantman also be tested in ironware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation mode.Some importationant steps in model-based design access physiqueure areBy choosing appropriate algorithmic rule and acquisition of real-world system data, various types of simulations and abridgment passel be performed in the beginning producing a real controller.The model produced in step one is used to identify characteristics of the plant model. Then a controller tail assembly be made based on these characteristics.Using this model, the effect of time varying inputs stop be analyzed. In this way the possible errors backside be eliminated and it is very convenient to change and test any other parameters.Last step is deployment.Advantages of model based design compared with the conventional approach are as followsModel based design provides common design environment which is important for development groups from the view point of general communication and specifically for data analysis and system verification.Model based design enable engineers to detect and correct errors in early phase of development. This is crucial point for minimizing time and financial impact of system.Model based design dirty dog be reused later for upgrading and for derivative systems which are capable to expand.2.3 ECU DEVELOPMENT2.3.1 Conventional Approach for ECU DevelopmentThe conventional approach for electronic control unit of measurement, ECU, development is summarized in following four stepsSome experienced personal define the functions and system architecture and at that placefore the hardware engineer design the hardware circuit.Control engineer design the control algorithms and a programmer pay off a handwritten code for that algorithms.Then these control algorithm program codes and hardware are co-ordinated and tested by system engineer or maybe hardware engineer.Then on the engine test bench the complete system is tested.There are few problems with this conventional approach for ECU development.First and very major problem is that the hardware circuits are made before the hinderance of control rules and results. Only this factor adds a big risk in the process of ECU development. morselly if close to error is encountered during the program code testing, it is very difficult to judge whether the error is because of software codes or in the control algorithms. This programming of the control algorithm is itself a very time consuming process and it take additional time when some errors are encountered and the process of debugging. Since many people from different field of work are obscure in this process so coordination between them also take time and it makes the development cost to increase. 2Thats why the conventional development process can not satisfy the demand of modern age and its requirements.2.3.2 Modern EC U DevelopmentOn the bases of integrated development environment, the modern development of electronic control units can be efficiently completed and tested. Using model based simulation and hardware-in-the-loop simulation it is very easy and convenient to eliminate software errors and to modify the control algorithms. Due to this the development cost is reduced and development efficiency is improved. This modern development process is called V-cycle development process.This process is illustrated in Ffig. 1. (when you use figures from other publications, you have to get permission from the auther. It is not luxuriant to put a reference)Fig. 1. The V-Cycle of model-based software development. 2This process is summarized as followsUsing very sophisticated tools like MATLAB/Simulink/Stateflow and dSPACE TargetLink, the control algorithms are modeled. These control algorithms are substantiate using off-line simulations.The ANSI C code is produced using code times tool. The one we are using is dSPACE TargetLink.The code produced in above step is compiled and downloaded into the control module and simulation is done in Hardware-in-the-loop mode, which confirms the credibility of the control algorithms.This tested program code of control algorithms is downloaded into the electronic control unit for further test and modification.Finally normalization of the whole control system is done.2.4 Universal measurement and standardization Protocol (XCP)XCP is a standardized and universally applicable protocol with much rationalization potential. It is not only used in ECU development, normalisation and programming, it is also used to integrate any in demand(p) measurement equipment for prototype development, functional development with bypassing and at SIL(define) and HIL(define) test stands.16For calibration and measurements, it is common practice to connect electronic control units in a * squeeze out* ne bothrk. For this purpose CAN calibration protocol is used ex tensively. With change magnitude demands of more sophisticated controllers, new electronic control units are enough more and more complex and for that reason new nedeucerks are being developed such as, FlexRay, TTCAN etc.(give references)To meet the needs of new networks, the measurement and calibration protocol should be more generalized and flexible. This generalized and flexible protocol is XCP (Universal measurement and calibration protocol).XCP is in low-level of transport layers. So in XCP, X generalizes the various transport layers that* Details about CAN are provided in Appendix A.are used by the members of the protocol family e.g. 9XCP on CANXCP on FlexRayXCP on EthernetXCP on USB and so on(you have to refere to from each one figure)Fig. 2. XCP support for different transport layers 10.3 PROBLEM INVESTIGATIONThis chapter allow for give answers to the following questionsWhat is parameter dependency problem?What is the effect of parameter dependency problem on tuning of e mbedded control systems?What are the difficulties to solve the problem at different platforms?Note All examples used in this report are only for fable purposes and are not the actual parameters used in climate control module of Volvo Cars and Volvo Trucks.3.1 murder process for developing embedded control systemsThe complete process for developing embedded control systems is illustrated in Ffig. 3. First step of this development process is to define parameters and that can be done in the m- send. These parameter grades are loaded into MATLAB base workspace from where TargetLink/Simulink model fetches these set to simulate the process.After checking the simulation results and doing some modifications if required, C-code is generated by TargetLink. That C-code contains all the knowledge about the control algorithm and input value. In the next step the auto-generated C-code is compiled using a Green Hills Suite.Fig. 3. Complete Production(rapid prototyping process?) Process.Green Hills software together with gnu Make and VBF converter is used to generate a map record and VBF point (Volvo Binary Format). This vbf file is downloaded in the embedded controller. The map file is used to generate A2L file using TargetLink. This A2L file is required by the calibration tool (for this project ATI VISION is used for calibration) and thusly using this calibration tool we can do parameters modifications in ECU. These modifications are also called tuning.3.2 parametric quantity DependencyAs all parameters are defined in a m-file, some parameters depend on the set of some other parameters. It may also be possible that the value obtained as a result of calculation between two or more parameters are used in the definition of other parameters. So, all those parameters which contain some other parameters or calculations of some other parameters in their definitions are called capable parameters e.g.In above example parameters line 2 is dependent on parameter 1. tilt 4 i s dependent on parameter 2 and 3.Parameter 6 is dependent on parameter 2 and 3.3.3 Reasons for introducing parameter dependenciesThinking of parameter dependencies a question may arise in minds that, Why do we need to publish parameter dependencies at the first place?Answer to this question is that, when designing a control algorithm in a tool such as Simulink, it is convenient to use named parameters (variables) instead of hard coded numbers (constants).For example, if the blueest fan available corresponds to a emf of 13.5V. Designer may want to have a parameter for this, so that instead of using the value 13.5 at many instances of algorithm, the name of parameter specified for that value can be used. If one day that hardware is needed to be changed and for new hardware 13.4V is the maximum that can be used for highest fan level, so it is easier to change one parameter value rather than changing many hard coded value at different instances.Sometimes it is good to have one para meter depending on another. For instance in a look-up table, there are several determine in each vector and these values may depend on other parameters. It would be rather limiting if a vector or a matrix could only contains hard coded numbers.So, the use of dependent parameters helps keeping a good structure in the algorithm. It makes easier to work with the parameters.3.4 Statistics about parameter dependencyThere are quite significant numbers of parameters which are dependent on other parameters. For instance in Climate Control P3, enumerate number of parameters is 1618 out of which 227 parameters are dependent on other parameters and 1391 parameters are independent. We call independent parameters as Base Parameters.Fig.4 Percent of Dependent parameters3.5 Parameter dependency problem in development processTo analyze the problem of parameter dependency, lets walk through the development process of embedded control systems and find out what exactly is the problem with parameter dependencies.As the process starts with parameter definitions in m-file, so the investigation starts from m-file, see Fig. 5.. To visualize this process, an illustration with an example of parameter with dependencies in its definition is shown as followsFig.5. Example of parameter definition in m-file.After defining all parameters, the m-file is run in MATLAB. In this step all the values of dependency parameters are valuated by MATLAB and are loaded into MATLAB base workspace. Precisely during this loading process the dependencies are replaced by their values and any selective cultivation about the relation of a parameter with dependency parameter is lost.Fig.6. Dependency loss in MATLAB base workspace.As now the dependency information is lost, so this loss will propagate through all the further steps, for example in C-code generation, A2L file and in strategy(?) file.Following F fig 7. shows that the propagation of dependency information loss. So in C-code there is no informatio n with the help of which we can trace dependency parameters.Fig.7 Propagation of dependency loss from MATLAB to C-code.3.6 Effect of parameter dependencies on development processThe problem caused by parameter dependencies comes to the muster up during the calibration step.During calibration the values of parameters are tuned. When the information of parameter dependencies is lost, then we have to tune each parameter value individually. This is shown in the Ffollowing fig 8.Fig.8. Effect of dependency loss on development process.So if a parameter is used, for instance, in the definitions of five different parameters, then we have to tune the value of that parameter at those five fixs individually. If there is any calculation involved in any parameter definition, then we must do it manually and modify the value. This process of changing values manually is very time consuming and error prone.There is another possibility that to neutralise doing these calculations and tuning parame ter values individually. We can change the parameter values in the original m-file, where we have all parameter definitions and repeat the complete process again. This is very laborious work and it also takes a clutch of time, so this possibility is not so feasible.4 POSSIBLE SOLUTIONSAs the complete process for developing embedded controllers is a multistage process and it depends on four highly sophisticated software platforms. So there can be different approaches to solve the dependency information loss. Following are the possible platforms for doing modifications in order to handle the dependency loss problem.MATLABTargetLink modelC-codeCalibration tool divorce windows applicationFollowing is the in reasonableness analysis of above mentioned platforms and possibility of finding a feasible solution.4.1 Parameter dependencies and MATLABWhen m-script, containing all parameter definitions, is run in MATLAB, all parameter values are evaluated and stored in MATLAB base workspace. Ri ght at this first step dependency information in m-script is lost. The Rreason of this loss is that MATLAB base workspace support values belong to only one class type. That can be char, double, struct or any other class but the values can not belong to a mixture of two or more class types, i.e., values cannot consist of two elements of an array belonging to char class and other elements of array belonging to double class.(I shot that a struct can consist of chars as well of doubles)Fig.9. Supported variety types in MATLAB base workspace.In our case of parameter dependency for example, we have an array of eighth elements. Second element and eighth element of our example array are names of some other parameters, so these names belongs to char class and rest of elements of that array are numerical values belonging to double class. So MATLAB evaluates the values of dependency parameters and replace all names with their corresponding values and our dependency information is lost.Altho ugh there is a function in MATLAB called eval and this function can be used instead of dependency parameter name but this does not solve our problem because this function will evaluate the values of those parameters and eventually its the value of parameter which is updated in the base workspace and dependency information is still filtered out.Moral of the story is that we can not do anything in MATLAB to save our dependency information until unless MathWorks do some changes in MATLAB so that base workspace would be able to support values belonging to different classes in corresponding definition. 4.2 Parameter dependencies and TargetLinkIn TargetLink we can use custom lookup tables and we can complicate custom code. Let us suppose for a moment that by adding these custom lookup tables and using some tautological blocks we manage to introduce lost dependency information in TargetLink model. But when TargetLink will generate C-code, most probably it will evaluate all those values and resulting values will be included in C-code.There are two reasons for this behavior of TargetLinkFirst reason is that, TargetLink work inside MATLAB so all the calculations are done in MATLAB and we face the same problem as described previously.Second reason is that, dSPACE claims that TargetLink generates C-code in the most efficient way, because this C-code is flashed into controller in binary format, so it is the maximum effort of TargetLink to keep C-code as small as possible because of the limited memory of ECU and demand of high operational speed.So TargetLink does not generate extra variables and pointer in C-code until unless some significant changes are done in TargetLink by dSPACE.4.3 Parameter dependencies and C-codeC-code generated by TargetLink can be modified and it is possible to add any kind of extra information but there are two reasons which make this possibility impracticable.First reason is that, this C-code will be flashed into ECU and there is very limited memory in the control unit and bigger C-code will result into a less efficient embedded controller.Second reason which makes this possibility impracticable is that. iIt requires a lot of manual labor every time we change something. This is also error prone.4.4 Parameter dependencies and Calibration toolIn calibration tool like ATI VISION, there is an extract to use script written in Vision scripting language or in Visual basic. Instead of doing manual calibration we can automatise calibration using the script.In our case, we have matrices with dependencies. So in order to do calibration using thescripting option we have to write function for doing matrix calculations and then that script must be able to evaluate dependencies according to new values. So this option is not so feasible.4.5 Separate windows applicationAfter analyzing all possibilities only one option is left. That is to develop a give away windows application which will extract dependency information from m-script, c alculate the values of dependency parameters according to the values tuned in calibration tool and will implement those new values of dependencies bear in calibration tool.5 SELECTED SOLUTIONAfter analysis of all possible solutions, it is deducted that the most feasible solution to the dependency loss problem is a separate windows application whichExtracts dependency information from m-file.Gets tuned parameter values from calibration tool.Calculates all values corresponding to those tuned parameter values.And implements updated values of dependency parameters dressing in calibration tool.5.1 Reasons for selecting this solutionAmong other solutions we have selected development of separate windows application, as a feasible solution. Major reasons for selecting this solution are as followsSelected solution which is developing a separate windows application does not need any modification of present softwares. This solution is fast, no extra licenses are required for this and it work s just according to our requirements.If we choose any solution which includes modification in software tools, then that involves the involvement of tool makers. That process of convincing toolmakers to modify their software according to our requirements and if they agree then the process of developing and releasing new version of software may take very long time.Tool makers would charge a great sum of money to make specified changes or for making an hang on application for the softwares.5.2 Overview of solutionThe solution is an application named Dependency Calibrator. It works in two steps.In the first step the m-file is parsed and the information of dependency parameter along with their location in parent parameter areis extracted and rearranged in a way that it can be used in the second step that is calibration.During the second part of the process, first of all the application will import data from VISION so that if user has tuned any value in calibration tool, that data will b e updated in MATLAB and then the application will do calculations in MATLAB after that new values obtained as a result of those calculation will be updated again back to VISION. This cyclic process from VISION to MATLAB and back to VISION will update parameter values. If user has changed values which was used by other parameters, those new values will be updated on all locations where they are used. This is shown in the following figFig. 10..Fig. 10. Overview of solution.The application Dependency Calibrator is divided into two parts.ParserCalibratorDetailed report of how this application isn working is as follows.5.3 Required SoftwaresParser works without any requirement of external software but in order to run Calibrator following softwares must be installed on your systemMATLAB R2007bATI VISION 3.5.3MATLAB is automatically launched by the application but make sure to launch ATI VISION before you use Calibrator part of Dependency Calibrator application.5.4 Project fileProject fil e is a key to control the Dependency Calibrator application. Instead of using hard coded styles for different files used in this application, an option is given to the users to select their desired locations. These locations can be specified in a separate file which is named as project file.In this project file the instructions can be given after certain tags. One must be very careful because these tags should not be altered. While user inputs can be given after the symbol .Dependency Calibrator application is in fact capable of handling multiple m-files and multiple c-files. Directory path for these files can be specifies in project file.Project file contains following tagsVISIONs twisting Name After this tag, name of the hardware device which is used in the VISION device tree, should be given. For example, VISIONs artifice Name PCM Or VISIONs Device Name CCM lane of m File After this tag the in effect(p) path for m-file should be given. If number of m-files is more than one, then this tag followed by file path of those m-files should be given on a new line. Parser will read all these files and will merge them into one file. For example, Path of m File CFolderNamesubFolderFile_Name.m Path of m File CFolderName2subFolder2File_Name2.m musical theme directory for c files In general practice c files can be generated in different folders but their root directory remains same. So in order to avoid repeating same address and to play down the chances of error this tag is introduced in project file. So after this tag path of root directory for c files should be specified. Please note that there should be no at the end of root directory path. For example seed directory for c files DABC_XYZsubFoldersubSubFolders containing c-files After this tag the names of folders which contain c files should be specified. If there are more than one folder containing c files then those folders names should be added after a comma ,. The parser will then search these folders for all c files contained in them. For example Folders containing c-files FolderMedCfiles,subFoldercFolderRoot takings Directory This tag should be followed by the path for required location where the user wants the application to generate all files. For example Root Output Directory CExtra File for calibrating non-calibratable parameters After this tag, there should be the path for the file containing names of those parameters which are not calibratable but they are desired to be calibrated in VISION. Those names should be exactly the same as defined in m-file, followed by underscore _ and followed by any desired word or character.For example Extra File for calibrating non-calibratable parameters CExtraParNames.txt5.5 ParserThe F first part of the complete dependency calibration process is the parser. When Parser is executed, a window appears showing two options, Load Project Fil

Types of Computers: An Overview

Types of information exploiting arrangements An OverviewA conniving machine is a programmable machine. It accepts information in the form of digitalized data and manipulates it for around result ground on a program or sequence of instructions on how the data is to be processed.It consists of at least whiz processing element, typic aloney a commutation processing unit (CPU) and near form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and body of logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit that whoremaster change the order of operations based on repositingd information.Computer HistoryThe first occasion of the war cry information processing system was recorded in 1613 in a book called The young mans gleanings by English writer Richard Braithwaite I pro longsighted read the truest calculating machine of Times, and the stovepipe Arithmetician that ever breathed, and he reduced thy days into a soon number. It referred to a somevirtuoso who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued with the same heart until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century the word began to disengage on its more than familiar meaning, a machine that carries out computations.Computer TypesComputers ar also categorized on the basis of physical structures and the bearing of their use. Based on Capacity, speed and reliability they can be divided up into four categories of computersMicrocomputer A petty(a), single-user computer based on a microprocessor.minicomputer A multi-user computer capable of supporting up to hundreds of users simultaneously.Main skeleton in the cupboard A motiveful multi-user computer capable of supporting some hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously.Supercomputer An exceedingly fast computer that can put to death hundreds of millions of instructions per second.2. MICROCOMPUTERA personal computer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a microprocessor as it s central processing unit (CPU). It includes a microprocessor, memory, and comment/output (I/O) facilities. Microcomputers became pop in the 1970s and 80s with the advent of increasingly powerful microprocessors.Microcomputer or personal computer can be defined as a small, relatively inexpensive computer invented for an individual user. Businesses use microcomputers for word processing, accounting, desk pinch publishing, and for evanescening spread sheet and database management applications. At home, the roughly popular use for microcomputers is for playing games and recently for surfing the Internet.The characteristics of a microcomputer atomic number 18 Monitors, keyboards and some other devices for input and output whitethorn be coordinated or separate. Computer memory in the form of RAM, and at least one other less volatile, memory transshipment center device ar usually combined with the CPU on a system quite a little in one unit. Other devices that make up a remove microcomputer system include batteries, a power supply unit, a keyboard and various input/output devices used to convey information to and from a piece operator (printers, monitors, human interface devices). Microcomputers atomic number 18 designed to parcel out only one user at a conviction, although they can real oftentimes be modified with software or hardware to concurrently assist more than one user. Microcomputers adjoin well on or on a lower floor desks or tables, so that they are within easy find of users. large computers like minicomputers, central processing units, and supercomputers take up large cabinets or even apply fashions.Actual microcomputer can be generally classified by surface and cast / case. The chassis or case is the metal frame that serves as the structural support for electronic components. E really computer system requires at least one chassis to house the circuit boards and wiring. The chassis also contains slots for expansion boards. If y ou want to insert more boards than thither are slots, you will need an expansion chassis, which submits additional slots. There are two basic flavours of chassis designs-desktop gets and tower models- further there are many variations on these two basic personas. Then move up the portable computers that are computers small lavish to carry. Portable computers include notebook and subnotebook computers, handheld computers, palmtops, and personal organizers.Tower modelThe term refers to a computer in which the power supply, motherboard, and mass repositing devices are stacked on top of each other in a cabinet. This is in contrast to desktop models, in which these components are housed in a more concordat box. The main good of tower models is that there are a few(prenominal)er lay constraints, which makes installation of additional storage devices easier. screen background modelA computer designed to fit comfortably on top of a desk, typically with the monitor sitting on to p of the computer. Desktop model computers are broad and low, whereas tower model computers are narrow and tall. Because of their shape, desktop model computers are generally limited to 3 internal mass storage devices. Desktop models designed to be very small are sometimes referred to as slim line models.notebook computer computerNotebook is super lightweight personal computer. Notebook computers typically weigh less than 6 pounds and are small enough to fit easily in a briefcase. Aside from size, the principal difference in the midst of a notebook computer and a personal computer is the disclose screen. Notebook computers use a variety of techniques, known as flat-panel technologies, to make water a lightweight and non-bulky display screen. The quality of notebook display screens varies considerably. In terms of computing power, modern notebook computers are nearly tantamount(predicate) to personal computers. They down the same CPUs, memory competency, and record drives. H owever, all this power in a small package is expensive. Notebook computers address close twice as much as equivalent regular-sized computers. Notebook computers come with battery packs that enable you to run them without plugging them in. However, the batteries need to be recharged every few hours.Laptop computerA small, portable computer small enough that it can sit on your lap. Nowadays, laptop computers are more often called notebook computers.Subnotebook computerA portable computer that is slightly barge and little than a full-sized notebook computer. Typically, subnotebook computers hand over a smaller keyboard and screen, but are otherwise equivalent to notebook computers.Hand-held computerA portable computer that is small enough to be held in ones hand. Although extremely convenient to carry, handheld computers have not replaced notebook computers because of their small keyboards and screens. The near popular hand-held computers are those that are specifically designe d to provide PIM (personal information manager) functions, such as a calendar and address book. more or less manufacturers are trying to solve the small keyboard problem by alternate the keyboard with an electronic pen. However, these pen-based devices rely on handwriting recognition technologies, which are unruffled in their infancy. Hand-held computers are also called PDAs, palmtops and pocket computers.PalmtopPalmtop is small computer that literally fits in your palm. Compared to full-size computers, palmtops are severely limited, but they are practical for certain functions such as phone books and calendars. Palmtops that use a pen rather than a keyboard for input are often called hand-held computers or PDAs. Because of their small size, near palmtop computers do not include disk drives. However, many contain PCMCIA slots in which you can insert disk drives, modems, memory, and other devices. Palmtops are also called PDAs, hand-held computers and pocket computers.PDAPDA is short for personal digital assistant, a handheld device that combines computing, telephone/fax, and net acting features. A typical PDA can function as a cellular phone, fax sender, and personal organizer. Unlike portable computers, most PDAs are pen-based, use a stylus rather than a keyboard for input. This means that they also stop handwriting recognition features. Some PDAs can also react to fathom input by using voice recognition technologies. The field of PDA was pioneered by Apple Computer, which introduced the Newton Message Pad in 1993. abruptly thereafter, several other manufacturers offered similar products. To date, PDAs have had only modest achievement in the marketplace, imputable to their risque price tags and limited applications. However, many experts believe that PDAs will eventually become common gadgets.PDAs are also called palmtops, hand-held computers and pocket computers.3. MINICOMPUTERAnother type of computer is Micro Computer which is design to support more than one user at a time but it can be used by one person at a time. It is a computer of a size median(a) between a microcomputer and a mainframe computer and includes a microprocessor, memory, input and output facility and it comes equipped with at least one type of data storage, usually RAM. Typically, mini computers have been stand-alone computers sell to small and mid-size businesses for general business applications and to large enterprises for department- direct operations. . miniskirt computers were designed for control, instrumentation, human interaction, and communication switching as distinct from calculation and record keeping. They have great storage capacity and acidulate at a mettlesome speed rate. It is often use in place where several muckle have to work at the same time, so it let many users use data at the same time without any inconvenient. Mini computers are not only used in organization for work but many of mini computers are also used as personal compu ter. It has a large cheap array of silicon logic gate which allows utility programs and self-booting kernel to be stored within microcomputers. These stored programs let the minicomputer to mechanically load further more complex software from external storage device without the user intervention.The Minicomputers were first built in in sixties and they immediately became a bulky advantage as 40,000 of the minicomputer systems were immediately change of making the computers hugely available to the general public. With such a make market possibility many companies stepped in to venture in the minicomputer market. The most successful among these two hundred companies was regrets that launched the minicomputer models PDP-11 and VAX 11/780.Some world-shaking characteristics and historical facts about the mini computer system have been summarized as followsThey are much smaller in size than the mainframe computer systems. As such they do not occupy an entire room but usually occup y space similar in size to that of a standard refrigerator.They are much less expensive than the mainframes.Their innovation was possible because of the invention of core memory technologies and transistors.Minicomputers can give reduplicate access to up to 100 users. Hence they were used in places such as business organizations for maintaining billings and finances.Some of the very first companies to manufacture the minicomputer systems were Hewlett Packard, DEC and entropy General.A few models of minicomputers which have been a marked success over the long time areDEC VAX serial publication and PDP seriesHewlett Packard HP3000 seriesSDS,SDS-92Prime Computers, Prime 50 SeriesNorsk Data, Nord-1, Nord-10, Nord-100IBM Midrange ComputersControl Data Corporations CDC 160A, CDC-1700Data General NovaHoneywell-Bull Level 6/DPS Level6/DPS 6000 seriesMinicomputers have eventually evolved in to microcomputers. With the launch of microcomputers, the public haveHad a greater access to the ad vantage of incorporating computers in the daily stride of their lives.4. MAINFRAME COMPUTERIn another(prenominal) hand we have the Mainframe Computer which is quite expensive than the Mini computer. In comparison the mainframe computer perform better than the mini computer, it can process data at a very high speed rate, for example, millions of instruction per second and Compared to a typical PC, mainframes commonly have hundreds to thousands of times as much data storage online, and can access it much faster. They contain a large number of self-maintenance features, including built-in bail features and high data handling capacity. Because of mainframes ability to handle high level data transactions they are used by the biggest firms in to the highest degree all the industry such as banks, government agencies and organizations which need to store great volume of complex and important data at a high security level, which means that this is the most secure than other type of compute r.Mainframes are designed to handle very high volume input and output and emphasize throughput computing. This type of computer can work for long period without being interrupted, they are reliable. It can run multiple diverse instance of different operating system and can handle the work of many users at the same time. The term RAS (reliability, availability and serviceability) is a defining characteristic of the mainframe computer. Test, development, training, and production workload for applications and databases can run on a single machine, except for extremely large demands where the capacity of one machine might be limiting. They are usually protected by multiple levels of security and power backup, both internal and external. Among the self-defence measures commonly found in mainframes are an enhanced heat-protection mechanism. Because these computers run all day along with 24x7x365 ability, a large amount of heat generated essential be expelled. The fans in mainframe comp uters are among the most efficient destiny in keeping the data centers cool.FeaturesThey are huge computers installed in space centers, nuclear power stations etc. They are used for playing complex numeral calculations. Only scientists and mathematicians can operate them. They are having huge memories tremendous processing speed. They are used for suffer forecasting, animation graphicsMainframes run multiple sessions, and with high reliability. Companies can run their IT operations for years without problems or interruptions with minimum down time. Administration is very easy due to the fact that all applications layers are monitored in one Server.A central computer alone can replace dozens or hundreds of smaller PCs, reducing management and administrative costs while providing a much better scalability and reliability.Mainframes can run more than one operating system at once, which allows companies to run multiple sessions with a super-fast speed, high reliability, and high se cure.5. SUPERCOMPUTERSupercomputer is a broad term for one of the fastest computers currently available. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for finicalized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations (number crunching). For example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers scientific simulations, (animated) graphics, fluid kinetic calculations, nuclear energy research, electronic design, and analysis of geological data (e.g. in petrochemical prospecting). Perhaps the best known supercomputer manufacturer is Cray Research.Approaches to supercomputer architecture have interpreted dramatic turns since the earliest systems were introduced in the 1960s. Early supercomputer architectures pioneered by Seymour Cray relied on compact innovative designs and local parallelism to achieve superior computational level performance. However, in time the demand for increased computational power ushered in the age of mass ively parallel systems.Here are some examples of supercomputer IBM roadrunner Cray Jaguar Tianhe-IA Fujitsu K computer IBM Sequoia Cray TitanAdvantages of supercomputerThe primary advantage that supercomputers offer is decreased processing time. Computer speed is commonly careful in floating point operations, or FLOPS. Average home computers can perform up to a hundred billion of these operations per second, or 100 gigaflops. Supercomputers, however, are tens of thousands of times faster, meaning that calculations that would take your home computer hours or days can be solved by a supercomputer in a matter of seconds.Supercomputers are usually used to accept large, real-world problems that would be too time consuming on regular computers. For example, weather forecasters use supercomputers to create models of the weather and to forecast the weather. Obviously, forecasts have to be do in a timely manner to make them useful so the more powerful the computer the better. Only superc omputers have the ability to perform these calculations in a timely fashion. One of the sayings of computing is that the higher the technology, the more trivial the application and the most powerful computers in the world are used by digital effects/computer animation companies. The issue processing power of supercomputers means that they can be used to do things that ordinary computers simply couldnt handle. Supercomputers have also permitted great strides in filmmaking and special effects.Disadvantages of supercomputerThere have no great difference between mainframe computers because like the mainframe it takes up a large space and cost very high. It requires trained staff to can handle and use the supercomputer and it may only be good for specific application. It is high power consumption, it use a lot of electricity, for instance, about millions Rupees in a year.Other disfavor is that supercomputers require massive external storage drives whose bandwidth is fast enough to con form the data being analyzed and produced. If storage and bandwidth cant keep up with the data flow, the supercomputer will not be able to work at its full capacity.Unlike ordinary desktop computers that may finish calculating a problem in a few minutes or overnight, supercomputers work on tasks that require intensive calculations which can take extremely long periods to complete. For example, a supercomputer could spend months performing calculations to support research on climate change or to help cure a disease, presenting a disadvantage to people who are in a hurry for strong results.6. CONCLUSIONAfter all we can say that computer has made his way since 19xx. It has begun with the microcomputer which consisted of simple technology. Then we have the minicomputer which becomes more and more personal and sophisticated for users. It makes great progress when the mainframe computer comes in 19xx (put the date). It comes with more performance and more memory with high security level. Their process increased more than 100 times and finally when the famous supercomputer comes which is deoxyguanosine monophosphate times more powerful than the predecessor. And nowadays with the great evolution we have four type of computer.

Essay --

Lost insurance benefits as salubrious as retirement benefits tied to WorldCom stock. Shareholders, which included many pension funds, unconnected billions of dollars. The California public-employees retirement system, the largest state pension fund in the country, sued in an attempt to regain some of the $580 million it baffled in the WorldCom debacle (Ripley 6). The telecommunications industry suffered as wellspring.Industry companies were competing against WorldCom under false pretenses. WorldCom was stratagemulently stating its financials and its competition could not possibly be aware of WorldComs rightful(a)(p) expenses. As a result, competing companies were forced to make decisions to keep in take up with WorldComs reported growth. AT&T fired tens of thousands of employees, who otherwise whitethorn bring in never been fired, in an attempt to match WorldComs economic crisis costs. Although it was not WorldComs fault, Qwest committed accounting tarradiddle and Glob al hybrid declared bankruptcy while in any case being under probe themselves. Qwest and Global intersection point succumbed to industry pressure that may not prolong existed or felt as greatly in WorldCom was accurately coverage its financials. (Colvin 2) After WorldCom declared bankruptcy suppliers stop getting paid. Local carriers were not being paid to finish WorldCom calls, but it was illegal for those carriers not to end up them (Colvin 2). Other vendors and suppliers that counted on WorldCom for business suffered and were forced to fire employees. As these companies suffered, so did their shareholders. In 2001, WorldCom was able to secure a $2.65 billion loan by means of a credit agreement with several banks. The entire loan was employ up about six weeks before the accounting fraud was disclosed. The banks con... ...ng fraud from occurring. WorldCom may hit a bump in the road in the short run but very well could still been direct(a) today. At the time Mi chael Capellas in additionk over as CEO, he had the right melodic theme even though he may not have had ofttimes of a choice. Capellas established an ethics office, hired a Chief morals Officer and required all employees undergo annual ethics training. Capellas likewise traveled around the country listening to the comments and the opinions of his employees (Scharff 117). This was in contrast to Ebbers and Sullivans autocratic management style. Capellas established clear, guiding principles for his employees that were posted on carrell walls throughout the company. Unfortunately for WorldCom, Capellas efforts where a matter of being also little, too late. Had Bernie Ebbers taken these steps as CEO, the fraud may have halt at an early stage. Essay -- Lost insurance benefits as well as retirement benefits tied to WorldCom stock. Shareholders, which included many pension funds, lost billions of dollars. The California public-employees retirement system, the l argest state pension fund in the country, sued in an attempt to regain some of the $580 million it lost in the WorldCom debacle (Ripley 6). The telecommunications industry suffered as well.Industry companies were competing against WorldCom under false pretenses. WorldCom was fraudulently stating its financials and its competition could not possibly be aware of WorldComs true expenses. As a result, competing companies were forced to make decisions to keep in note with WorldComs reported growth. AT&T fired tens of thousands of employees, who otherwise may have never been fired, in an attempt to match WorldComs imprint costs. Although it was not WorldComs fault, Qwest committed accounting fraud and Global Crossing declared bankruptcy while also being under investigation themselves. Qwest and Global Crossing succumbed to industry pressure that may not have existed or felt as greatly in WorldCom was accurately coverage its financials. (Colvin 2) After WorldCom declared bankrupt cy suppliers stopped getting paid. Local carriers were not being paid to complete WorldCom calls, but it was illegal for those carriers not to complete them (Colvin 2). Other vendors and suppliers that counted on WorldCom for business suffered and were forced to fire employees. As these companies suffered, so did their shareholders. In 2001, WorldCom was able to secure a $2.65 billion loan through a credit agreement with several banks. The entire loan was apply up about six weeks before the accounting fraud was disclosed. The banks con... ...ng fraud from occurring. WorldCom may hit a bump in the road in the short run but very well could still been operating today. At the time Michael Capellas took over as CEO, he had the right report even though he may not have had a good deal of a choice. Capellas established an ethics office, hired a Chief morals Officer and required all employees undergo annual ethics training. Capellas also traveled around the country listening to t he comments and the opinions of his employees (Scharff 117). This was in contrast to Ebbers and Sullivans autocratic management style. Capellas established clear, guiding principles for his employees that were posted on cadre walls throughout the company. Unfortunately for WorldCom, Capellas efforts where a matter of being too little, too late. Had Bernie Ebbers taken these steps as CEO, the fraud may have stopped at an early stage.

Priceline.com Essay -- Economics Case Study e-commerce, solution

Priceline.com Priceline.com is an internet company that pi integrityered a unique type of e-commerce known as inquire collection system that enables consumers to use the Internet to save money on a wide range of products and services while enabling sellers to break incremental revenue. Using a simple and compelling consumer proposition of rear your price, the consumer is in control of the product they wish to purchase. In the form of respective(prenominal) customer offers guaranteed by a credit card for a exceptional product or service at a price circuit by the customer and communicate that demand directly to the participating sellers or to their private databases. The company works by allowing the consumers to agree to hold their offers free for a specified period of time to enable priceline.com to fulfill their offers from list provided by participating sellers. Once fulfilled, offers generally roll in the haynot be canceled. By requiring consumers to be flexible with respect to brands, sellers and/or product features, the company enables sellers to generate incremental revenue without disrupting their existing distribution channels or retail set structures.The company is grounded on the assumption of rational self-interest. In other words, since privates act upon rational decisions to achieve the greatest satisfaction or the maximum fulfillment of their goals, Priceline.com has now revolutionized the market industry. By their name and lock your price strategy, to a great extent and more consumers cod been able to maximize their satisfaction on separate products. The consumers want to spend their incomes to get the greatest benefit from the goods and services they can afford. Priceline.com helps them to achieve their goals. Since the inception of this internet-based company, millions of consumers were able to afford more with less outgo on their goods. In addition, rational behavior varies among every individual because individual preferences, circumstances, and available information differ. Priceline.com offers various or differentiated goods and services in a broad range of products to purchase from. E-Commerce Pioneer Priceline.com Sells 20,000 Leisure airline air Tickets In Six Weeks. As ticket sales accelerated, priceline.com has become one of the nations top 10 most-visited commerce Web sites. In its first six weeks of operation, pricelin... ...e expected rate of return is farther greater than the interest invested in producing advertisement. Moreover, they expect companies to support their business strategy so the other companies in return can generate greater revenue as well.Conclusively, Priceline.com has brought an exciting and provides other businesses with inspiration to follow their strategies. many consumers eat up benefited from this Internet Company and as a result have saved money to spend on other wants. Now we have the option of choosing a price and giving countless vendors the ch ance to bid. For break away or worse, this could transform the way we think of shopping, as well as the way in which we do it. Conceivably, it could alter the nature of balance and powerfulness between vendors and consumers. In addition, it restructures long-standing capitalistic business and sales traditions. This new business model appears to have the potential to give enormous new powers to commonwealth who want to buy things, since their price is being offered to many thousands, even millions, of contingent sellers. The new business method venture is successful and it opens the doors for consumers who are commonplace of the fixed prices they have to pay.

Why is Frankenstein such a popular text? Essay -- English Literature

Why is Frankenstein such a common text?Frankenstein is a science simile novel written by Mary Shelley duringthe time of the Romantic Movement. It has re mained popular ever sinceit was first published and still sells well today, with many reprintsof the book since the first edition.One of the main characters of the story and probably the close(in)famous, Frankensteins monster, has become an icon of all that is severe and wrong. The story has been adapted and interpreted manytimes all in different ways, causing the monster and the stereotypicalview of him to become intertextual. The nigh popular and wellrecognised representation of the monster and the one that most great dealwould attempt to draw for you if you asked them what he looked like,is that of a huge fleeceable man with bolts coming out of the side of hisneck and a flat, wide-cut head. This was created for film by BorisKarloff as his interpretation of what the monster should look like. Hewould typically move very labo riously, with his arms outstretched asif chasing something. His lyric is slow and primitive.This, however, is not the true Frankensteins monster as described inthe book, but one created for television and primarily the cinema, asthe book centred more on the issues and moral conflicts when dealingwith such a creature, whereas cinema and the media run away to concentratemore on the action and thrilling sides of the story. Various some otherrepresentations of the monster, including characters in televisionfilms such as The Adams Family and The Munsters, as well in comicssuch as The Incredible Hulk and The Fantastic Four, name occurredthroughout the twentieth century, causing the image of the realmonster to becom... ...xtent of what theis doing as sees that the lengths he is willing to go to are notacceptable or justified at all. This culminates two stories, that ofFrankensteins adventure and Captain Waltons giving the reader anincreased feeling of cathagy.In conclusion, the tw o reasons I believe to be why Frankenstein hasremained such a popular text area. That the commutation theme of the story and the issues and situationsthe arise throughout it are becoming more and more relevant ineveryday society so race can relate to the story andb. That it is the first true science fiction story ever and so hasbeen promoted as such that it has grabbed everyones attention. Thereare probably a number of stories quite similar and perhaps of planebetter quality than Mary Shelleys work but few people have heard ofthem and so they remain in Frankensteins shadow.

The Overuse of Psychotropic Medications for Children Essay -- Antidepr

In less than a year, John Geis was seen by quatern different medical doctors who diagnosed him with five affiliate illnesses, including autism, bipolar overturn (also know as manic depression), insomnia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Johns pill regimen kept multiplying, consuming a daily cocktail of mind-altering drugs. The harmful concoction included Risperdal (antipsychotic), Prozac (antidepressant), Adderall (psychostimulant). Johns story is far as well common in the States today. In this paper, I will look for what lead up to the mass labeling and drugging of young boys in America. I will provide evidence of unethical and illegal business practices by the worlds largest pharmaceutical companies, driven by greed.Psychiatry at one time subscribed to the Freudian view that mental illness comes from roots in unconscious conflicts (usually appearing in adolescence), that affects the mind as though it were separate from th e brain. With the introduction of psychoactive drugs in the 1950s, and sharply accelerating in the 1980s, it was then that the psychiatrical focus shifted to the brain, as if it were a physical disease. Psychiatrists began to refer to themselves as psychopharmacologists, and became far less interested in exploring the life stories of their patients and more interested in treating their patients with drugs. The psychiatric profession became optimistic that the use of psychoactive drugs would be honest with the new biological assume that psychiatry adopted. Their optimism began to fade as secure side-effects of the drugs were becoming apparent, and an anti-psychiatry attitude began to spread rapidly. (Angell)Consequently ,with the new medical model came the need ... ... XXXIII, No. 13, 4 July 1997, p. 31.Perdone, Matthew, and Pete Yost. Johnson & Johnson to Pay $2.2 Billion to Resolve dose Marketing Allegations. Huff Post. HuffingtonPost.com, 4 Nov. 2013. Web. 10 Mar. 2014. .Sto lzer, J.M. A Systematic deconstructionism of the Disordered American Boy Hypothesis. raw(a) Male StudiesAn International daybook 1.3 (2012) 77-95. Print.Webster, Richard (2005). Why Freud Was Wrong Sin, Science and Psychoanalysis. Oxford The Orwell Press. pp. 595596Wilson, Duff. Childs Ordeal Shows Risks of Psychosis Drugs for Young. New York Times New York City 1 Sept. 2010, Late ed., Business Day 11. Print.Zilbergeld, Bernie (1983). The Shrinking of America Myths of Psychological Change. Boston Little, Brown & Company. pp. 7879

Why Dualism is Rejected by Science Essay -- Dualism Essays

Throughout narrative there has been much different theorys that have been presented, in numerous fashions. From psychologys inception there has been attempts to answer many different questions, how much of our animal heritage exists, argon humans essentially good, is human nature neither good nor bad, do humans sustain free will, is psychology really a science? There has been a persistent question throughout the ages, how are the mind and carcass cogitate? This question of if there truly is a mind, and if there is, how is it linked to the body has been the center of many debates since the beginning of psychology. Every psychologist in history has at some point dealt with the question How are the mind and body colligate, and each had their own unique stance on the question. Through the decades, every(prenominal) imaginable position has been taken on the mind-body relationship, in an attempt to apologise how the two are connected. There are different types of individuals th at attempt to excuse the mind-body relationship materialists, monists, idealists, and dualist. Each type differs on the explanation of the relationship among mind and body. Some psychologist attempt to explain everything in physical damage for them, even so-called mental events are ultimately explained by the laws of physics or chemistry (Hergenhahn, pg. 17). These individuals are called materialist. Materialist believes that matter is the only reality. The materialist believes that all things on earth are composed of material, and that all emergent phenomena in the universe, including consciousness, and the expression of organisms, must be explained in terms of matter. In other words, the theory claims that our reality consists entirely of matter. Believing that there is only ... ...do humans receive free will, is psychology really a science? There has been a persistent question throughout the ages, on how are the mind and body related? One thing is for certain, humans and anim als alike have two a body and mind, to be certain if the mind and body are separate or coexisting causing our actions and inactions will take more time and research. Psychology is still expanding, so there is still a great deal more to learn. Works CitedHergenhahn , B. (2008). An inroduction to the history of psychology. (6th ed. pg. 17-18). Belmont,CA Thomson Wadsworth.Slingerland, E. (2013). Body and sagacity in Early China An Integrated HumanitiesScience Approach. journal Of The American Academy Of Religion, 81(1), 6-55. Richert, R. L. (2008). Dualism Revisited Body vs. Mind vs. Soul. Journal Of Cognition & Culture, 8(1/2), 99-115.